Lecture 7: The Functions of Play - The 'why' of Adaptive Value
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Questions and Answers

What is the main driving force of evolution according to Darwin and Wallace?

  • Natural selection (correct)
  • Genetic drift
  • Sexual selection
  • Mutation

How does natural selection operate?

  • Through foresight and planning
  • By favoring individuals randomly
  • By directing conscious decision-making
  • By differential success of individuals with heritable traits (correct)

What can natural selection lead to over many generations?

  • Speciation (correct)
  • Random genetic patterns
  • Increased mutation rates
  • Decrease in species diversity

Why is it mentioned that natural selection does not involve conscious decision-making?

<p>To contrast it with artificial selection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the key components of natural selection?

<p>Genetic Drift (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of variation in natural selection?

<p>To increase chances of survival for some individuals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of selective pressures in an environment?

<p>To make organisms better adapted (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which type of natural selection are individuals with extreme phenotypes at both ends of a trait distribution favored?

<p>Disruptive Selection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the frequency of a favored trait in directional selection?

<p>Shifts in one direction over time (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of stabilizing selection on a population?

<p>Population becomes more homogeneous in terms of a trait (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea behind incremental change as discussed in the text?

<p>To outcompete neighbors through appearance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is hereditary information transferred according to Pangenesis theory?

<p>Through 'pangenes' or 'gemmules' from reproductive organs to various parts of the body (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did many biologists at the time reject as the mechanism for evolutionary change?

<p>Pangenesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Gregor Mendel discover about traits through his plant breeding experiments?

<p>Traits can be dominant or recessive (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Mendel account for the appearance and disappearance of traits in his experiments?

<p>By hypothesizing the existence of genes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept combines Darwin's Natural Selection with Mendel's Genes?

<p>The Modern Synthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is evolution by natural selection conceptualized in terms of changes in a population?

<p>Changes in allele frequencies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Tinbergen’s Hypothesis' addresses which adaptation related to black-headed gulls and their nesting behavior?

<p>Egg-shell removal by crows (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Natural selection

The main driving force of evolution, proposed by Darwin and Wallace.

Operation of natural selection

It operates by differential success of individuals with heritable traits.

Speciation

Natural selection can lead to the formation of new species over generations.

Natural selection vs. artificial selection

Natural selection does not involve conscious decision-making, unlike artificial selection.

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Key components of natural selection

Key components include variation, inheritance, and differential survival; NOT genetic drift.

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Role of variation in natural selection

Variation increases the chances of survival for some individuals within a population.

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Selective pressures

Selective pressures are environmental factors that enhance adaptation of organisms.

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Disruptive selection

In disruptive selection, individuals with extreme phenotypes on both ends of a trait are favored.

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Directional selection

In directional selection, the frequency of a favored trait shifts in one direction over time.

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Outcome of stabilizing selection

Stabilizing selection results in a population becoming more homogeneous regarding a trait.

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Incremental change

Incremental change refers to slowly outcompeting neighbors through appearance and traits.

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Pangenesis theory

According to Pangenesis, hereditary information is transferred through 'pangenes' or 'gemmules'.

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Rejection of Pangenesis

Many biologists rejected Pangenesis as a mechanism for evolutionary change.

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Mendel's discovery

Gregor Mendel discovered traits can be dominant or recessive through plant breeding experiments.

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Mendel's hypothesis on traits

Mendel hypothesized traits appear and disappear due to the presence of genes.

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Modern Synthesis

The Modern Synthesis combines Darwin's theory of natural selection with Mendel's genetics.

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Changes in allele frequencies

Evolution by natural selection is conceptualized as changes in allele frequencies in a population.

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Tinbergen’s Hypothesis

Tinbergen’s Hypothesis addresses egg-shell removal behavior in black-headed gulls due to predation pressure.

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