Lecture 5: Cancer and Development
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Questions and Answers

What is the main mechanism by which classic chemotherapy agents function?

  • Affecting DNA machinery or being nucleotide analogs or affecting cytoskeleton (correct)
  • Stimulating the immune system
  • Inducing apoptosis in cancer cells
  • Inhibiting cell migration
  • Why do children experience more severe side effects from chemotherapy?

  • Because their immune system is more compromised
  • Because their cells are more sensitive to chemotherapy
  • Because their cytoskeleton is more fragile
  • Because they have more dividing cells (correct)
  • What is the primary cause of Medulloblastoma?

  • Mutations in the TP53 gene
  • Abnormal regulation of GCP proliferation (correct)
  • Overexpression of the MYC gene
  • Deletions in the CDKN2A gene
  • What percentage of Medulloblastomas are caused by mutations in the SHH pathway?

    <p>25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common symptom of Medulloblastoma?

    <p>Defects in motor coordination and balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age are most Medulloblastomas diagnosed?

    <p>Before the age of 10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary diagnostic tool used for Medulloblastoma?

    <p>MRI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the cytoskeleton in cell division?

    <p>To separate cells during mitosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of chemotherapy agents?

    <p>Stimulating the immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of brain tumors are Medulloblastomas?

    <p>It is the most common brain tumor in children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the gene that is often mutated in Basal cell carcinoma and Medulloblastoma?

    <p>SHH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prognosis of children with medulloblastoma 5 years after diagnosis?

    <p>60% of children are disease-free</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a heterozygous knockout of the Ptc gene in mice?

    <p>The tumour grows rapidly and pushes the cerebellum downward</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do only 50% of mice with a heterozygous Ptc knockout develop medulloblastoma?

    <p>Because the other 50% have a random mutation that prevents tumour growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technique is used to study a few cells at a time in the Ptc-/+ mouse model?

    <p>Laser capture microdissection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of loss of heterozygosity of the Ptc gene in granule cell precursors?

    <p>Loss of expression of the Ptc gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the Shh pathway in medulloblastoma?

    <p>It promotes tumour growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of suppressing the Shh pathway on medulloblastoma formation?

    <p>It eliminates medulloblastoma formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of inhibiting the Hedgehog pathway in young mice?

    <p>It causes permanent defects in bone structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between Gorlin syndrome and basal cell carcinoma?

    <p>Gorlin syndrome increases the risk of basal cell carcinoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of GDC-0449 therapy on patients with basal cell carcinoma?

    <p>It slows down tumour growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

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