21 Questions
What is the main mechanism by which classic chemotherapy agents function?
Affecting DNA machinery or being nucleotide analogs or affecting cytoskeleton
Why do children experience more severe side effects from chemotherapy?
Because they have more dividing cells
What is the primary cause of Medulloblastoma?
Abnormal regulation of GCP proliferation
What percentage of Medulloblastomas are caused by mutations in the SHH pathway?
25%
What is the most common symptom of Medulloblastoma?
Defects in motor coordination and balance
At what age are most Medulloblastomas diagnosed?
Before the age of 10
What is the primary diagnostic tool used for Medulloblastoma?
MRI
What is the role of the cytoskeleton in cell division?
To separate cells during mitosis
Which of the following is NOT a function of chemotherapy agents?
Stimulating the immune system
What percentage of brain tumors are Medulloblastomas?
It is the most common brain tumor in children
What is the name of the gene that is often mutated in Basal cell carcinoma and Medulloblastoma?
SHH
What is the prognosis of children with medulloblastoma 5 years after diagnosis?
60% of children are disease-free
What is the result of a heterozygous knockout of the Ptc gene in mice?
The tumour grows rapidly and pushes the cerebellum downward
Why do only 50% of mice with a heterozygous Ptc knockout develop medulloblastoma?
Because the other 50% have a random mutation that prevents tumour growth
What technique is used to study a few cells at a time in the Ptc-/+ mouse model?
Laser capture microdissection
What is the result of loss of heterozygosity of the Ptc gene in granule cell precursors?
Loss of expression of the Ptc gene
What is the role of the Shh pathway in medulloblastoma?
It promotes tumour growth
What is the effect of suppressing the Shh pathway on medulloblastoma formation?
It eliminates medulloblastoma formation
What is the effect of inhibiting the Hedgehog pathway in young mice?
It causes permanent defects in bone structure
What is the relationship between Gorlin syndrome and basal cell carcinoma?
Gorlin syndrome increases the risk of basal cell carcinoma
What is the effect of GDC-0449 therapy on patients with basal cell carcinoma?
It slows down tumour growth
Explore the relationship between chemotherapy agents and cancer cells, the importance of cytoskeleton in cell division, and the impacts of SHH gain of function mutations on Basal cell carcinoma and Medulloblastoma. Understand why children experience more severe side effects from chemotherapy due to their higher rate of cell division.
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