Lecture 3: Major Eye Diseases and Regenerative Approaches Quiz

What is the process by which iris epithelial cells regain their ability to differentiate into lens cells?

De-differentiation followed by redifferentiation (correct)
Differentiation from mesenchymal stem cells
Transdifferentiation
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition

What is the primary cause of elevated intraocular pressure in glaucoma?

Inflammation of the optic nerve
Degeneration of retinal ganglion cells
Blockage of the trabecular meshwork (correct)
Overproduction of aqueous humor

What is the characteristic atrophy of the optic nerve in glaucoma?

Axonal degeneration
Neuroinflammation
Crushing of the optic nerve (correct)
Demylination of the optic nerve

What is the primary cell type affected in retinitis pigmentosa?

Rod photoreceptors (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of dry age-related macular degeneration?

Accumulation of drusen in the macula (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Pax6 cells in lens regeneration?

To induce differentiation of lens cells (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of the Microbead Occlusion Model of Ocular Hypertension?

It mimics the increased intraocular pressure seen in glaucoma (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Wnt signaling in lens regeneration?

To induce differentiation of lens cells (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of blindness in retinitis pigmentosa?

Death of cone photoreceptors (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of using transgenic mice expressing a mutant form of human ELOVL4 in AMD research?

It mimics the human disease phenotype (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of neurogenesis in response to damage of the anterior retina in amphibians, fish, and birds?

The ciliary margin zone (CMZ) (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of retinal progenitors or stem cells in amphibians?

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of retinal regeneration in fish?

Intra-retinal sources, including the rod precursor and the Müller glia (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is required for satisfactory results in stem cell transplantations in the retina?

Transplanting committed photoreceptor precursor cells at an early developmental stage (B) Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the key experiment in mice, where retinal cells were made from iPSCs or ESCs and transplanted under the retina?

The grafts did not embed into the retina, but transferred a protein that allowed host cells to function properly (B) Signup and view all the answers

What allows Müller glial cells to regenerate damaged neurons in fish?

The expression of a specific gene (Ascl1) (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of expressing/activating Ascl1 in Müller glial cells in mice?

Creation of functional bipolar cells (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of co-expressing Ikzf1 and Ikzf4 in Müller glia?

Reprogramming of Müller glia into cone photoreceptors (B) Signup and view all the answers

Are Ikzf1 and Ikzf4 general reprogramming factors?

Yes, they can be used in other neural tissues (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of Ikzf1/4 reprogramming in mouse embryonic fibroblasts?

Reprogramming into induced neurons (A) Signup and view all the answers

What type of collagen is predominantly found in the stroma of the cornea?

Type III (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the cornea has low (if any) regenerative potential?

Corneal endothelium (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of blindness resulting from cataracts?

Denaturation of lens proteins (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which condition leads to obstruction of light passage due to clouding in the lens?

Cataracts (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main treatment for cataracts?

Surgery (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which cell replacement therapy is mentioned as a regenerative approach for cornea repair?

Corneal endothelial cell cultures (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the cornea is known for its exposure to air and high regenerative potential?

Corneal epithelium (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the risk factor for cataracts that is mentioned as being responsible for 48% of world blindness?

Advanced age (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the membrane structure that serves as the basement membrane in the cornea?

Descemet's membrane (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the cornea is exposed to aqueous humor and characterized as simple squamous epithelium?

Corneal endothelium (D) Signup and view all the answers