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What is a potential consequence of a pregnant woman experiencing a blood disorder that affects RBC?
What is a potential consequence of a pregnant woman experiencing a blood disorder that affects RBC?
Why do RBC attach to the virus mentioned?
Why do RBC attach to the virus mentioned?
What condition can a mother with an autoimmune disorder experience during pregnancy?
What condition can a mother with an autoimmune disorder experience during pregnancy?
How does the rapid division of fetug's RBC affect the fetus?
How does the rapid division of fetug's RBC affect the fetus?
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What is a potential impact on the fetus if a pregnant lady is immunocompromised?
What is a potential impact on the fetus if a pregnant lady is immunocompromised?
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What symptom might a pregnant woman with a particular blood disorder NOT experience?
What symptom might a pregnant woman with a particular blood disorder NOT experience?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of the herpesvirus family?
Which of the following is a characteristic of the herpesvirus family?
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What type of viruses does the Papillomaviridae family primarily consist of?
What type of viruses does the Papillomaviridae family primarily consist of?
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How does the human papillomavirus (HPV) contribute to cervical neoplasia?
How does the human papillomavirus (HPV) contribute to cervical neoplasia?
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Which of the following statements regarding latent herpes infections is incorrect?
Which of the following statements regarding latent herpes infections is incorrect?
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What is the primary method of infection for herpesviruses?
What is the primary method of infection for herpesviruses?
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What potential risk is associated with Simian virus (SV 40) concerning vaccination?
What potential risk is associated with Simian virus (SV 40) concerning vaccination?
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Which receptor is predominantly used by herpes simplex viruses for cellular binding?
Which receptor is predominantly used by herpes simplex viruses for cellular binding?
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Which of the following symptoms is NOT typically associated with herpesvirus infections?
Which of the following symptoms is NOT typically associated with herpesvirus infections?
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What distinguishes high-risk strains of HPV from low-risk strains?
What distinguishes high-risk strains of HPV from low-risk strains?
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What is the primary characteristic of parvoviruses regarding their structure?
What is the primary characteristic of parvoviruses regarding their structure?
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Which subfamily of parvoviruses specifically infects vertebrates?
Which subfamily of parvoviruses specifically infects vertebrates?
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What is the main mode of replication for Orthopoxvirus?
What is the main mode of replication for Orthopoxvirus?
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What critical requirement do parvoviruses have for their replication process?
What critical requirement do parvoviruses have for their replication process?
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Which clade of monkeypox caused an outbreak in 2022-2023?
Which clade of monkeypox caused an outbreak in 2022-2023?
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Which of the following viruses is associated with direct contact transmission in humans?
Which of the following viruses is associated with direct contact transmission in humans?
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What is the typical host cell targeted by parvovirus B19?
What is the typical host cell targeted by parvovirus B19?
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Which virus is recognized as the etiological agent for smallpox disease?
Which virus is recognized as the etiological agent for smallpox disease?
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Which condition is NOT typically associated with infection by parvovirus B19?
Which condition is NOT typically associated with infection by parvovirus B19?
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What is a key characteristic that distinguishes Orthopoxvirus from varicella-zoster infections?
What is a key characteristic that distinguishes Orthopoxvirus from varicella-zoster infections?
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What is the significance of blood group P antigen in parvovirus infections?
What is the significance of blood group P antigen in parvovirus infections?
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Which animal is primarily associated with the transmission of Yatapoxvirus to humans?
Which animal is primarily associated with the transmission of Yatapoxvirus to humans?
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What condition can parvovirus B19 potentially cause in pregnant women?
What condition can parvovirus B19 potentially cause in pregnant women?
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What is a common misconception about the correlation between smallpox and varicella-zoster vaccines?
What is a common misconception about the correlation between smallpox and varicella-zoster vaccines?
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Which of the following best describes the capsid structure of parvoviruses?
Which of the following best describes the capsid structure of parvoviruses?
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What is a common feature of the Densovirinae subfamily of parvoviruses?
What is a common feature of the Densovirinae subfamily of parvoviruses?
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Which poxvirus is responsible for conditions commonly found in pigs?
Which poxvirus is responsible for conditions commonly found in pigs?
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Which of the following statements about monkeypox is true?
Which of the following statements about monkeypox is true?
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Parvovirus B19 is most commonly associated with which of the following symptoms?
Parvovirus B19 is most commonly associated with which of the following symptoms?
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What differentiates the infections caused by Avipoxvirus and Capripoxvirus?
What differentiates the infections caused by Avipoxvirus and Capripoxvirus?
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What is the potential reservoir for the virus that can transmit to humans?
What is the potential reservoir for the virus that can transmit to humans?
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Which clade of Mpox is primarily linked to more serious illness and a higher mortality rate?
Which clade of Mpox is primarily linked to more serious illness and a higher mortality rate?
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What is one of the primary methods of transmission of the Mpox virus between humans?
What is one of the primary methods of transmission of the Mpox virus between humans?
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What symptom typically develops last in the progression of Mpox in humans?
What symptom typically develops last in the progression of Mpox in humans?
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Which antiviral drug is mentioned as a treatment option for Mpox?
Which antiviral drug is mentioned as a treatment option for Mpox?
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What is the initial recovery period for Mpox in humans?
What is the initial recovery period for Mpox in humans?
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Which of the following symptoms is not associated with Mpox?
Which of the following symptoms is not associated with Mpox?
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In which region does Clade 2 of Mpox primarily spread?
In which region does Clade 2 of Mpox primarily spread?
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What chance is there for Clade 2 to cause death compared to Clade 1?
What chance is there for Clade 2 to cause death compared to Clade 1?
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What causes the blisters associated with Mpox?
What causes the blisters associated with Mpox?
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Study Notes
Lecture 3: DNA Viruses and Diseases
- Herpesviridae (human herpesviruses, HHV) are a group of viruses causing various diseases.
- HHV types and their associated diseases are diverse. HHV-1 and HHV-2 are associated with oral and genital herpes, respectively. HHV-3 causes chickenpox and shingles. HHV-4 (Epstein-Barr virus, EBV) is linked to infectious mononucleosis and some cancers. HHV-5 (Cytomegalovirus, CMV) can cause mild or asymptomatic infections, but can be severe in pregnant women. HHV-6 and HHV-8 cause roseola and Kaposi's sarcoma, respectively.
- Herpesviruses have a characteristic icosahedral capsid surrounded by a tegument containing proteins and viral mRNA. They have an envelope with glycoproteins, cellular binding proteins (e.g., heparan sulfate), and main receptors (e.g., nectins).
- Herpesvirus infections often involve endocytosis and replication in the nucleus.
- Latent herpes infections occur when the viral genome is inactive, replicating only a few RNA (latency-associated transcripts, LATs) and not expressing viral proteins. However, latent CMV infections in memory B cells maintain viral genome copies during cell division.
Latent Herpes Infections
- Viral genome is inactive, but a few RNA are synthesized (latency-associated transcripts, LATs).
- No viral protein synthesis.
- LATs inhibit apoptosis to ensure neuron survival.
- An exception is latent CMV infection in memory B cells; virus synthesizes proteins to maintain viral genome copy number during B cell division.
Papillomaviridae (Human Papillomaviruses, HPV)
- High-risk HPV types (16, 18, and 31) are linked to cervical neoplasia.
- Low-risk HPV types (6 and 11) cause skin warts and infections in the vocal chords and respiratory tracts (genital warts).
- HPV infection does not kill cells; viral genome may integrate into the host genome or exist as episomes in transformed cells.
- High-risk E6 and E7 can transform primary human keratinocytes.
Polyomaviridae (e.g., SV 40)
- Simian virus 40 (SV 40) was introduced to humans via a contaminated Sabin polio vaccine.
- Propagated in African green monkey kidney cells (Vero).
- Adheres to MHC class 1.
- Associated with neural tumors and mesothelioma (along with asbestos) in humans.
Poxviridae
- Brick-shaped and enveloped.
- Biconcave capsid.
- Replicate in the cytoplasm and carry their own enzymes for mRNA synthesis.
Additional Viral Information
- Orthopoxviruses include vaccinia (live smallpox vaccine, eradicated globally) and variola (smallpox).
- Clade IIb of variola causes less severe cases of monkeypox (Mpox) compared to Clade I.
- Monkeypox (Mpox) is an orthopoxvirus.
- Various other poxvirus types are found in a variety of animal hosts.
Lecture 4: Single-Stranded DNA Viruses
- Parvoviridae, particularly parvoviruses, are among the smallest DNA viruses.
- Two subgroups include parvovirinae (vertebrate) and densovirinae (invertebrate) viruses.
- Parvoviruses carry either a + strand or - strand DNA.
- Parvoviruses attach to erythrocyte precursor (RBC precursor cells) via blood group P antigen, enter the cell by endocytosis, and are transported to the nucleus via microtubules.
- Replication depends on host proteins.
- Autonomous parvoviruses, such as Parvovirus B19, infect red blood cell precursors and are associated with fifth disease (erythema infectiosum) and other conditions.
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Description
Explore the different types of Herpesviridae and the diseases they cause. This quiz covers key features of these viruses, their transmission, and the implications of infections. Test your knowledge on HHV types, symptoms, and viral behavior.
