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Questions and Answers
PLCγ, phospholipase Cγ, is listed as a potential sensor in various cells.
PLCγ, phospholipase Cγ, is listed as a potential sensor in various cells.
False
Piezo1 and Piezo2 are part of a newly identified family of mechanosensitive cation channels.
Piezo1 and Piezo2 are part of a newly identified family of mechanosensitive cation channels.
True
Fluid shear stress does not activate any proteins that sense the cellular microenvironment.
Fluid shear stress does not activate any proteins that sense the cellular microenvironment.
False
Arachidonic acid is referred to as AA in the context of cellular sensors.
Arachidonic acid is referred to as AA in the context of cellular sensors.
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Degenerin, often abbreviated as Deg, is a type of ion channel.
Degenerin, often abbreviated as Deg, is a type of ion channel.
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Transient receptor potential is abbreviated as TRP and is involved in cellular microenvironment sensing.
Transient receptor potential is abbreviated as TRP and is involved in cellular microenvironment sensing.
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Adenylyl cyclase, abbreviated as AC, is not implicated in the response to membrane stretch.
Adenylyl cyclase, abbreviated as AC, is not implicated in the response to membrane stretch.
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The epithelial sodium channel is referred to as ENaC and is involved in mechanosensation.
The epithelial sodium channel is referred to as ENaC and is involved in mechanosensation.
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Epithelial and endothelial cells adhere to the basement membrane via multiple surfaces.
Epithelial and endothelial cells adhere to the basement membrane via multiple surfaces.
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Mesenchymal cells, such as fibroblasts, are surrounded by the extracellular matrix.
Mesenchymal cells, such as fibroblasts, are surrounded by the extracellular matrix.
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Hyaluronic acid is considered a proteoglycan as it has a specific protein core.
Hyaluronic acid is considered a proteoglycan as it has a specific protein core.
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The three main families of proteoglycans include modular proteoglycans and long-chain proteoglycans.
The three main families of proteoglycans include modular proteoglycans and long-chain proteoglycans.
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Proteoglycans are hydrophobic molecules that adopt compact conformations.
Proteoglycans are hydrophobic molecules that adopt compact conformations.
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Genetic diseases can be linked to mutations in proteoglycan genes.
Genetic diseases can be linked to mutations in proteoglycan genes.
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SLRPs are not involved in any signaling pathways.
SLRPs are not involved in any signaling pathways.
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TGFb activation is unrelated to proteoglycans in inflammatory responses.
TGFb activation is unrelated to proteoglycans in inflammatory responses.
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FRET-labeled fibronectin should comprise more than 10% to ensure effective intermolecular energy transfer.
FRET-labeled fibronectin should comprise more than 10% to ensure effective intermolecular energy transfer.
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Basement membrane modular PGs have only anti-angiogenic functions.
Basement membrane modular PGs have only anti-angiogenic functions.
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The human degradome includes exactly 500 proteases distributed intra- and extracellularly.
The human degradome includes exactly 500 proteases distributed intra- and extracellularly.
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Syndecans and glypicans are types of collagen found in the extracellular matrix.
Syndecans and glypicans are types of collagen found in the extracellular matrix.
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There are more than 28 types of elastin identified in vertebrates.
There are more than 28 types of elastin identified in vertebrates.
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Cysteine proteases are one of the five families of proteases in the human degradome.
Cysteine proteases are one of the five families of proteases in the human degradome.
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Fibronectin is exclusively derived from synthetic sources for use in cell media.
Fibronectin is exclusively derived from synthetic sources for use in cell media.
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Fibronectin assembly into longer fibrils is facilitated by cell-surface binding of the soluble FN dimer.
Fibronectin assembly into longer fibrils is facilitated by cell-surface binding of the soluble FN dimer.
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Elastin provides recoil to tissues that are not subject to repeated stretch.
Elastin provides recoil to tissues that are not subject to repeated stretch.
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All proteases consist of a signal sequence, a propeptide, and a catalytic domain.
All proteases consist of a signal sequence, a propeptide, and a catalytic domain.
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Aspartic acid proteases are not classified within the human degradome's protease families.
Aspartic acid proteases are not classified within the human degradome's protease families.
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Interstitial matrices and pericellular matrices are the only classifications of extracellular matrices.
Interstitial matrices and pericellular matrices are the only classifications of extracellular matrices.
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Fibronectin can be harvested and integrated into the extracellular matrix by cells.
Fibronectin can be harvested and integrated into the extracellular matrix by cells.
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The majority of collagen molecules form single-stranded helical structures.
The majority of collagen molecules form single-stranded helical structures.
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Threonine proteases are the dominant type of proteases in the human degradome.
Threonine proteases are the dominant type of proteases in the human degradome.
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Integrin clustering can promote fibronectin-fibril assembly by exposing cryptic binding sites.
Integrin clustering can promote fibronectin-fibril assembly by exposing cryptic binding sites.
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Aged vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) contribute to chronic low-grade inflammation in the aortic wall.
Aged vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) contribute to chronic low-grade inflammation in the aortic wall.
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Excessive deposition of collagen in the aged aortic wall is a result of adventitial fibroblasts.
Excessive deposition of collagen in the aged aortic wall is a result of adventitial fibroblasts.
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Elastin fragmentation in the intima is a characteristic of a youthful aortic wall.
Elastin fragmentation in the intima is a characteristic of a youthful aortic wall.
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Collagen fibers in the adventitia serve to enhance the elasticity of the aortic wall.
Collagen fibers in the adventitia serve to enhance the elasticity of the aortic wall.
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Tumorigenesis and progression are driven by stromal deregulation in the aged microenvironment.
Tumorigenesis and progression are driven by stromal deregulation in the aged microenvironment.
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In linear elastic materials, stress is related to strain by the equation $σ = E(ε)$ without loss of mechanical energy.
In linear elastic materials, stress is related to strain by the equation $σ = E(ε)$ without loss of mechanical energy.
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Nonlinear elastic materials exhibit a stress-strain relationship where stress is directly proportional to strain.
Nonlinear elastic materials exhibit a stress-strain relationship where stress is directly proportional to strain.
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Viscoelastic materials can both store elastic energy and lose mechanical energy during deformation.
Viscoelastic materials can both store elastic energy and lose mechanical energy during deformation.
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Poroelastic materials respond to deformation by exhibiting a time-independent mechanical response.
Poroelastic materials respond to deformation by exhibiting a time-independent mechanical response.
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Mechanical plasticity refers to irreversible deformation of a material after mechanical loading.
Mechanical plasticity refers to irreversible deformation of a material after mechanical loading.
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Biological tissues primarily exhibit linear elastic behavior in their mechanical properties.
Biological tissues primarily exhibit linear elastic behavior in their mechanical properties.
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The hysteresis observed in viscoelastic materials during loading and unloading indicates a loss of energy.
The hysteresis observed in viscoelastic materials during loading and unloading indicates a loss of energy.
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Stress relaxation occurs when a material exhibits a constant deformation and its stress decreases over time.
Stress relaxation occurs when a material exhibits a constant deformation and its stress decreases over time.
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Study Notes
Lecture 2: Cellular Microenvironment & Extracellular Matrix
- This lecture covers the cellular microenvironment, matrix components, 3D organization of matrix components, and the physicochemical properties of the matrix and aging.
Cellular Microenvironment
- Neighboring cells, tissue-specific cells (e.g., nerve cells, stem cells), and the extracellular matrix influence cellular microenvironments.
- Cellular components include soluble factors (e.g., growth factors, cytokines), cytoskeletal elements, cytoplasmic mediators, nuclear mediators, and cell-cell contact molecules (e.g., cadherins).
- There are interactions between the cell and signaling factors via binding, stress, strain (mechanical), and physical fields (electrical, thermal, etc.).
Extracellular Matrix (ECM) Components
- Proteoglycans (PGs) are composed of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains attached to a protein core. Different families exist (small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs), modular proteoglycans, and cell-surface proteoglycans).
- PGs are hydrophilic, forming highly extended structures for hydrogel formation.
- Important matrix components include collagens (types I, III, etc.), elastins, fibronectins, and laminins, many of varied types.
- Fibrous collagens form the backbone of fibril bundles, with network collagens found in basal membranes.
- Elastin fibers provide recoil to tissues.
- Fibronectin (FN) dimer is critical for fibril assembly and linked to cell contraction.
- Mechanical properties of ECM link to mechanical responses in cells (cell mechanotransduction).
3D Organization of Matrix Components
- 3D organization of the ECM (extracellular matrix) is crucial for different tissue types, involving ECM components (proteoglycans and various proteins) in their spatial organization and assembly.
- The mechanical/physical properties of the matrix contribute to the spatial assembly of the ECM.
Physicochemical Properties of the Matrix and Aging
- The physical properties of the ECM (e.g., stiffness, elasticity, and porosity) are critical in cellular behavior (cell-type specific mechanisms).
- Matrix properties influence cell behavior including cell adhesion, migration, and proliferation, and are vital for the appropriate interactions within the ECM.
- Ageing leads to alterations in the ECM, impacting its stiffness, structure, and function. This has implications for cellular functions and responses in the aging organism.
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Description
This quiz dives into the concepts of cellular microenvironments and the extracellular matrix (ECM). It discusses the structure, components, and influences of the ECM on cellular behavior and the physical interactions that occur within this microenvironment. Test your understanding of proteoglycans, signaling factors, and the overall organization of matrix components.
