Unit 1 Exam

A government where representatives make decisions on behalf of the citizens.

A system of government where majority rule is the guiding principle.

Rights that exist independently of government, unlike granted rights in democracy.

A situation where the majority's decisions oppress minority groups.

A government restricted by rules, preventing majority rule from becoming tyrannical.

A system where citizens elect officials to make decisions for them.

A system where the government has total control over citizens' lives.

A system balancing collective living with individual freedom, allowing citizen participation.

A system without organized government, offering total freedom but no security or order.

Systems evaluated based on government control over the market.

A system based on government planning and limited private control, aiming for equitable resource distribution.

A system based on individual initiative and market-driven production, emphasizing private property protection.

Full government control promoting common ownership, often maintained by force.

A market-determined production system where government regulates to ensure stability.

A fully independent market that operates without government intervention.

An economist and philosopher known for advocating for capitalism and individual initiative.

A situation where workers are treated unfairly or paid less than their contribution.

Fair sharing of resources among the population, a key goal in socialism.

Production that is guided by the demands and preferences of consumers.

Life prior to the establishment of government and social structures.

A system for exercising authority over people.

The process of making decisions about resource distribution in society.

Power people consider legitimate, based on belief.

Theory asserting monarchs gain authority from God, leading to unchecked power.

Individuals who must obey a monarch’s divine mandate.

Political theory emphasizing consent of the governed and protection of rights.

Inherent liberties individuals possess before government.

Citizen's authority to remove a government violating their rights.

A political ideology emphasizing limited government and personal responsibility for success.

A branch of conservatism that supports government action to uphold traditional societal norms.

A political ideology advocating for government action to provide basic needs and promote social equity.

A perspective within liberalism advocating for government-driven progressive changes in society.

Inequalities that arise due to structural disadvantages in society, affecting groups rather than individuals.

The debate between prioritizing personal freedoms or the welfare of the community as a whole.

Governments exist to secure natural rights and derive power from the consent of the governed.

The principle that government derives its power from the people's agreement and can be changed or abolished.

The right and duty of the people to overthrow a government that is destructive to their rights.

The assertion that all individuals are created equal under the law.

The belief that individuals are responsible for their own success and well-being, emphasizing self-reliance.

Providing equal opportunity for all individuals, ensuring fairness in treatment under the law.

The protection of individual liberties from unnecessary government action, allowing personal choices.

The first US governing document ratified in 1781, establishing a weak national government.

The authority of a state to govern itself, sought by states under the Articles of Confederation.

The relationship states sought under the Articles, implying cooperation without full union.

Congress couldn’t impose taxes, regulate trade, or enforce laws, limiting its power.

Absence of a national court system under the Articles, creating issues in law interpretation.

Lack of a strong national authority under the Articles, leading to inconsistencies among states.

Meeting in Philadelphia from May to September 1787 to address the Articles' weaknesses.

Congress's inability to raise a military force, relying instead on state militias for defense.

Requirement that all 13 states approve amendments to the Articles, making changes hard.

Establishes that federal law takes precedence over state laws.

Gives Congress the power to make laws required for executing its powers.

Systems to prevent any branch of government from becoming too powerful.

The first ten amendments to the Constitution that protect individual freedoms.

Supporters of the Constitution advocating for a strong central government.

Concerns over the Constitution leading to federal overreach and loss of state powers.

The agreement during the Constitutional Convention to establish a two-house legislature.

The division of government responsibilities into distinct branches: legislative, executive, and judicial.

The division of power between national and state governments.

Specific powers granted to Congress by the U.S. Constitution.

Known as the 'Father of the Constitution' for his pivotal role in its drafting.

The belief that government must align with self-interested human behaviors.

The powers each branch holds to monitor and limit the other branches.

Representatives sent to make decisions at the Constitutional Convention.

Individual freedoms guaranteed to protect against government infringement.

Constitution amendment ensuring freedoms of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition.

Conditions where speech can be legally restricted, such as threats or obscenity.

Regulations on speech that prevent disruptions in specific contexts.

The constitutional right to keep and bear arms to ensure security.

Debate on whether the Second Amendment protects personal gun ownership or only militia use.

Government can impose reasonable regulations like background checks and bans for certain individuals.

Protects against unreasonable searches and seizures, requiring warrants based on probable cause.

Situations where police can search without a warrant, such as consent or plain view.

Vehicles can be searched without a warrant if police have probable cause.

Police can briefly detain and pat down individuals if there's reasonable suspicion of a crime.

Protects against self-incrimination, double jeopardy, and ensures due process rights.

No one can be forced to testify against themselves in court.

Protection against being tried twice for the same crime once acquitted.

The government must follow fair legal procedures before depriving life, liberty, or property.

Serious criminal charges require a grand jury review before trial.

The government can take private property for public use but must provide fair payment.

Authorities can detain suspects or seize assets before trial.

A group that determines if there is enough evidence for a trial, required in federal cases.

The right to a trial without unnecessary delays, not clearly defined.

A jury that is unbiased and represents a cross-section of the community.

The right to confront witnesses testifying against the accused.

Accused individuals have the right to a lawyer, even if they can't afford one.

Discrimination that occurs due to laws or legal statutes.

Discrimination that occurs due to social norms, customs, or circumstances.

The rights enabling full participation in public life without discrimination.

The amendment that abolished slavery and involuntary servitude in the U.S.

Forced labor without consent, except as punishment for a crime.

Laws passed to restrict the rights of African Americans after the Civil War.

System where prisoners were leased out for labor, similar to slavery.

The legal end of slavery in the U.S. as mandated by the 13th Amendment.

Modern-day slavery involving forced labor or sexual exploitation.

Women gained full suffrage in U.S. elections with the ratification of Amendment 19 in 1920.

Legislation that enforced protections for voting rights, banning literacy tests and other restrictions.

Manipulating district boundaries to dilute voting power of specific racial groups.

A federal law ensuring equal educational opportunities, including athletics, regardless of gender.

Proposed amendment to guarantee equal rights under the law, regardless of sex.

Anyone born or naturalized in the U.S. is a citizen.

Protects individuals from state laws that infringe on fundamental rights.

Requires states to provide equal protection under the law.

Prevents states from restricting national citizenship rights.

State laws that enforced segregation and discrimination.

State laws that limited voting rights through tests and fees.

Banned segregation in public places and prohibited employment discrimination.

Federal agency enforcing laws against workplace discrimination.

Allows Congress to pass laws ensuring protection of rights.

The systematic denial of the right to vote to certain groups.

Polls presenting biased campaign information to sway voters.

Questions designed to guide respondents to a specific answer.

Polls monitoring public opinion over time for changes.

Phenomenon where polls show lower support for a candidate due to social pressure.

Surveys conducted immediately after voters leave polling places to predict outcomes.

The collective attitudes and beliefs of individuals on political issues.

The process through which individuals form their political values and beliefs.

Sources from which individuals learn about politics, like family, media, or schools.

Methods used to select participants for a poll to ensure unbiased results.

A sample that accurately reflects the population’s demographics.

Selecting participants in such a way that each has an equal chance of being chosen.

The number of respondents surveyed in a poll, which affects its accuracy.

The range within which the true value of the population is likely to fall.

Deeply held ideas that guide an individual's opinions and decisions in politics.

Questions should be clear and unbiased, avoiding leading language.

Questions must be precise, focusing on specific topics without ambiguity.

Questions that eliminate unlikely voters from survey results.

An informal poll used to collect opinions from a non-random group.

Surveys using different methods (phone, online, face-to-face) to reach diverse populations.

Adjusting survey data to correct representation of certain groups.

Exit polls can create inaccurate expectations for election results and lead to errors.

The chosen method for conducting a survey, crucial for reaching the target audience.

Those who opposed the ratification of the Constitution, favoring stronger state governments.

The idea that the Constitution gives the federal government absolute and uncontrollable power.

Hobbes' theory where individuals give up some freedoms to an authority for protection.

The state of humanity before governments. Hobbes saw it as chaotic and violent.

The natural, self-preserving drive that motivates people in Hobbes' philosophy.

Hobbes believed that this was necessary to enforce laws and maintain order.

Hobbes' idea that laws are only real if they are backed by force and authority.

Hobbes' idea that individuals give up some freedoms to an absolute ruler for security and order.

For Hobbes, the laws enacted and enforced by a sovereign to limit individual liberty for the common good.

Locke’s idea that in nature, individuals possess complete freedom to conduct life as they see fit, without interference.

Locke’s conceptualization of pre-government existence as peaceful, governed by natural laws of morality and equality.

Natural rights become moral directives when sovereigns protect them.

In Locke's state of nature, individuals possess complete liberty within moral bounds.

Hobbes believed that before society, humans lived in a chaotic and fearful state.

The agreement where people give up some individual rights to an absolute authority for protection.

The all-powerful entity that Hobbes believed was necessary to maintain order.

Hobbes argued laws get their legitimacy from the ruler's ability to enforce them.

The perspective that humans primarily act in their own self-interest, a key assumption in Hobbes's theory.

Rousseau's idea that people surrender rights to the community as a whole, not a single ruler.

A theoretical, happy existence with equality before society corrupts people.

According to Rousseau, this led to greed, competition, inequality, and vice.

The collective will of the people, aiming for the common good, to which everyone should obey.

Rights like speech and assembly gained after entering into the Social Contract.

Obedience ensures individual freedom, and following this is following your own best interests.

The belief that the group's view is more likely to represent the best course of action for all.

Assuring and protecting rights, freedoms, equality.

Through this people get speech, equality, assembly by giving up natural rights.

Rousseau believes that freedom, happiness, equality, and liberty were lost in civilization.

A declaration by a country leader asserting a critical energy shortage, enabling specific governmental actions to address it.

Taxes or duties imposed on goods imported from other countries.

A department intended to improve government operations and reduce waste.

The principle that all individuals should be treated the same regardless of race or gender.

The conviction that there are only two biological sexes, male and female.

The act of betraying someone or something; a violation of trust or loyalty.

A command or authorization to act in a particular way on a specific topic.

The qualities of being honest and having strong moral principles.

The ability to do something successfully or efficiently.

Faithfulness or devotion to a person, country, group, or cause.