Lecture 1 & 2 Revision: Basic Concepts

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What is the primary purpose of the null hypothesis in a research study?

To provide evidence that there is no real effect or relationship in the population (correct)

To test the alternative hypothesis

To calculate the variance in the sample data

To prove that there is a significant difference between two variables

What does rejecting the null hypothesis imply?

There is sufficient evidence to conclude there is a real effect or relationship in the population (correct)

There is no real effect or relationship in the population

The sample data is not representative of the population

The research study is flawed

What is the primary function of variance in statistical analysis?

To test the null hypothesis

To calculate the mean of a dataset

To quantify the spread or dispersion of values within a dataset (correct)

To calculate the correlation between two variables

What are the two main types of variance discussed in the context of statistical analysis?

Sample variance and population variance Signup and view all the answers

Why do researchers use statistical analysis in psychology?

To identify patterns and relationships between variables Signup and view all the answers

What is the biggest challenge in sciences like psychology?

Dealing with human variance Signup and view all the answers

When should you calculate the population variance?

When your dataset represents the entire population of interest Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of unbiased estimation of population variance?

To estimate the population variance Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula to estimate population variance?

(Xi - M) / (n - 1) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the three estimators of population variance?

They are used to estimate the population variance Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the sample standard deviation divided by the square root of the sample size?

Estimated standard error of the mean Signup and view all the answers

What type of research focuses on the principles of behavior and mental processes?

Basic research Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of within-subjects designs?

Each participant is exposed to all levels of the IV Signup and view all the answers

What is the statistical technique used to predict a variable from one or more other variables?

Regression Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the portion of the data that is not explained by a statistical model?

Residual Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of repeating the process of calculating the sampling distribution in Example 2?

To estimate the population variance with less bias Signup and view all the answers

Why is the denominator in Example 3 equal to 2?

Because the sample size is 3 and we subtract 1 Signup and view all the answers

What does a statistical power of 80% mean?

There is an 80% chance of detecting a significant effect when it is present Signup and view all the answers

Why do we need to consider the risks of false positives and false negatives in statistical tests?

To balance the risks and keep sample sizes feasible Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of using a biased estimator of population variance, as shown in Example 2?

The estimator underestimates the population variance Signup and view all the answers

What does a small p-value typically indicate?

The observed data is very unlikely to have occurred if the null hypothesis is true Signup and view all the answers

Why is the psychology field more open to criticism?

Because of its focus on validity and reliability Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of clean research designs in psychology?

Overconfidence Signup and view all the answers

Why is the replication crisis centered on psychology?

Due to a combination of factors, including sophistication, openness, and more Signup and view all the answers

What is a result of a large p-value?

The null hypothesis is not rejected Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a statistically efficient estimator in statistical analysis?

To ensure unbiased estimation of population variance Signup and view all the answers

Which type of research involves the manipulation of variables to observe their effect on a specific outcome?

Experimental research Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of using a between-subjects design in experimental research?

It eliminates the risk of sequencing effects Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of residual analysis in statistical modeling?

To examine the fit of the statistical model Signup and view all the answers

Which type of research is focused on direct application to real-world problems?

Applied research Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of counterbalancing in within-subjects designs?

To eliminate the risk of sequencing effects Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a statistical model that includes multiple independent variables?

Multiple linear regression Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of using a factorial design in experimental research?

It allows for the manipulation of multiple independent variables Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a statistical test in research?

To determine the probability of the null hypothesis being true Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the portion of the data that is not explained by a statistical model?

Residual Signup and view all the answers

Lecture 1 & 2 Revision: Basic Concepts

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of the null hypothesis in a research study?

What does rejecting the null hypothesis imply?

What is the primary function of variance in statistical analysis?

What are the two main types of variance discussed in the context of statistical analysis?

Why do researchers use statistical analysis in psychology?

What is the biggest challenge in sciences like psychology?

When should you calculate the population variance?

What is the purpose of unbiased estimation of population variance?

What is the formula to estimate population variance?

What is the significance of the three estimators of population variance?

What is the term for the sample standard deviation divided by the square root of the sample size?

What type of research focuses on the principles of behavior and mental processes?

What is the primary advantage of within-subjects designs?

What is the statistical technique used to predict a variable from one or more other variables?

What is the term for the portion of the data that is not explained by a statistical model?

What is the purpose of repeating the process of calculating the sampling distribution in Example 2?

Why is the denominator in Example 3 equal to 2?

What does a statistical power of 80% mean?

Why do we need to consider the risks of false positives and false negatives in statistical tests?

What is the result of using a biased estimator of population variance, as shown in Example 2?

What does a small p-value typically indicate?

Why is the psychology field more open to criticism?

What is a consequence of clean research designs in psychology?

Why is the replication crisis centered on psychology?

What is a result of a large p-value?

What is the purpose of a statistically efficient estimator in statistical analysis?

Which type of research involves the manipulation of variables to observe their effect on a specific outcome?

What is the primary advantage of using a between-subjects design in experimental research?

What is the purpose of residual analysis in statistical modeling?

Which type of research is focused on direct application to real-world problems?

What is the purpose of counterbalancing in within-subjects designs?

What is the term for a statistical model that includes multiple independent variables?

What is the primary advantage of using a factorial design in experimental research?

What is the purpose of a statistical test in research?

What is the term for the portion of the data that is not explained by a statistical model?

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