Lecture 1 & 2 Revision: Basic Concepts
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of the null hypothesis in a research study?

  • To provide evidence that there is no real effect or relationship in the population (correct)
  • To test the alternative hypothesis
  • To calculate the variance in the sample data
  • To prove that there is a significant difference between two variables
  • What does rejecting the null hypothesis imply?

  • There is sufficient evidence to conclude there is a real effect or relationship in the population (correct)
  • There is no real effect or relationship in the population
  • The sample data is not representative of the population
  • The research study is flawed
  • What is the primary function of variance in statistical analysis?

  • To test the null hypothesis
  • To calculate the mean of a dataset
  • To quantify the spread or dispersion of values within a dataset (correct)
  • To calculate the correlation between two variables
  • What are the two main types of variance discussed in the context of statistical analysis?

    <p>Sample variance and population variance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do researchers use statistical analysis in psychology?

    <p>To identify patterns and relationships between variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the biggest challenge in sciences like psychology?

    <p>Dealing with human variance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should you calculate the population variance?

    <p>When your dataset represents the entire population of interest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of unbiased estimation of population variance?

    <p>To estimate the population variance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to estimate population variance?

    <p>(Xi - M) / (n - 1)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the three estimators of population variance?

    <p>They are used to estimate the population variance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the sample standard deviation divided by the square root of the sample size?

    <p>Estimated standard error of the mean</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of research focuses on the principles of behavior and mental processes?

    <p>Basic research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of within-subjects designs?

    <p>Each participant is exposed to all levels of the IV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the statistical technique used to predict a variable from one or more other variables?

    <p>Regression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the portion of the data that is not explained by a statistical model?

    <p>Residual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of repeating the process of calculating the sampling distribution in Example 2?

    <p>To estimate the population variance with less bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the denominator in Example 3 equal to 2?

    <p>Because the sample size is 3 and we subtract 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a statistical power of 80% mean?

    <p>There is an 80% chance of detecting a significant effect when it is present</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do we need to consider the risks of false positives and false negatives in statistical tests?

    <p>To balance the risks and keep sample sizes feasible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of using a biased estimator of population variance, as shown in Example 2?

    <p>The estimator underestimates the population variance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a small p-value typically indicate?

    <p>The observed data is very unlikely to have occurred if the null hypothesis is true</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the psychology field more open to criticism?

    <p>Because of its focus on validity and reliability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of clean research designs in psychology?

    <p>Overconfidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the replication crisis centered on psychology?

    <p>Due to a combination of factors, including sophistication, openness, and more</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a result of a large p-value?

    <p>The null hypothesis is not rejected</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a statistically efficient estimator in statistical analysis?

    <p>To ensure unbiased estimation of population variance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of research involves the manipulation of variables to observe their effect on a specific outcome?

    <p>Experimental research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using a between-subjects design in experimental research?

    <p>It eliminates the risk of sequencing effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of residual analysis in statistical modeling?

    <p>To examine the fit of the statistical model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of research is focused on direct application to real-world problems?

    <p>Applied research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of counterbalancing in within-subjects designs?

    <p>To eliminate the risk of sequencing effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a statistical model that includes multiple independent variables?

    <p>Multiple linear regression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using a factorial design in experimental research?

    <p>It allows for the manipulation of multiple independent variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a statistical test in research?

    <p>To determine the probability of the null hypothesis being true</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the portion of the data that is not explained by a statistical model?

    <p>Residual</p> Signup and view all the answers

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