Learning Theories and Observational Learning

• "Heal" is derived from "HAEL," meaning "WHOLE."
• The "Theory of HOLISM" centers on the integrity, soundness, and well-being of a person, emphasizing their function as a complete entity, l including their physical, mental, and social states (WHO, 1946).

Dimensions of Health

• Mental health involves a sense of purpose and belief in one’s own worth.
• Spiritual health is related to practicing moral beliefs and principles, often involving a supreme being.
• Physical health refers to fitness and the absence of illness.
• Sexual health includes the expression of one's sexuality.
• Social health is having a support system available.
• Emotional health involves expressing oneself and developing and sustaining relationships.
• / Being healthy is described as functioning well physically and mentally to express one's potentialities within an environment (Dubos and Dunn).

Modern Concept of Health

• "OLOF" represents the Optimum Level of Functioning for individuals, families, and communities.

Health Education

• Encompasses good habits which give a person needed information and knowledge about it” (Wishman).
• The translation of health knowledge into desirable individual and community behavior through education (Willson Grout).
• Experiences that influence habits, attitudes, and knowledge related to individual, community, and social health (Dr. Thomas Wood).
• Learning experiences to facilitate voluntary adaptation of behavior conducive to health (Green, et al, 1980).
• Involves promotion, maintenance, and enhancement of health, prevention of illness, disability, and premature death through health behavior, attitudes, and perspectives using various sciences such as biological and paramedical.
• Health Education (according to WHO) creates opportunities for learning and involves communication aimed at improving health literacy.
• This literacy includes knowledge, life skills, and conducive individual and community health.

Purposes of Health Education

• Aims to positively influence health behavior and health insights to develop self-efficiency for healthy lifestyles.
• It is one way of advocating Health Promotion and Disease Prevention.
• Modifies or continues health behaviors as needed.
• Provides health information and services.
• Emphasizes good health habits and practices within culture, media, and technology.
• Communicates vital information to the public.
• Serves too as a form of advocacy

Importance of Health Education

• Empowers people to decide on options to enhance their quality of life.
• Enhances life quality by promoting healthy lifestyles.
• Equips people to prevent illness, maintain health, and apply first aid.
• It also prevents complications or premature deaths and improves health status.
• Creates awareness about preventive and promotive care to reduce medical costs.

Characteristics of Effective Health Education

• Directs at people involved with health issues and situations.
• Lessons are repeated and reinforced for better understanding.
• Lessons are adaptable to suit different audiences.
• Use attractive entertaining methods
• Should involve easy-to-understand language
• Emphasizes short-term benefits of actions.
• Provides chances for dialogue, discussion, participation, and feedback.
• Uses demonstrations to illustrate the benefits of adopting practices.

Teaching and Learning: Principles and Theories

• Teaching involves sharing information and experiences to meet learner outcomes in cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains (Bastable, 2019).
• Learning represents a relatively permanent change in mental processing, emotional functioning, or behavior resulting from experience (Bastable, 2003).
• Lasting change in behavior results from experience and is influenced by the environment.
• Learning is a complex process involving changes in mental processing, emotional functioning, and social skills.

Contribution of Learning Theories

• Helps understand teaching and learning and changing individuals.
• Theories help health professionals in employing effective methods in health education.

Human Development

• Is a dynamic process of change in an individual's physical, psychological, social, spiritual, and emotional constitution from conception to death.
• It scientifically studies the changes that occur in people as they age.

Changes in Human Development

• Growth is quantitative, involving increases in size and knowledge.
• Development is qualitative, involving gradual changes in character and capabilities.

Processes in Growth and Development

• Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior through experience.
• Maturation is genetically determined bodily changes based on heredity.

Major Learning Theories

• Behaviorist Theories of Learning
• Cognitive Theories of Learning
• Social Learning

Behaviorist Theory

• John B. Watson equated to stimulus-response theories.
• Behavior is learned and influenced by environment manipulation.
• Emphasizes observable behavior and defined behavior as muscle movement associated with Stimulus-Response psychology.
• Behavior results from conditional reflexes, and emotions/thoughts are products of learned behavior through conditioning (de Young, 2003).

Learning

• It results from environmental stimuli conditions
• Learners respond accordingly, following "S-R MODEL OF LEARNING."

Environment

• Stimuli are modified to bring about intended change or for behavior to be applied through practice by transferring formation of habits.

Behaviorial Learning

Respondent Conditioning

• This involves the acquisition of new responses to environmental stimuli.
• A neutral stimulus elicits an unconditioned response via repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus.
• Principles extinguish previously learned responses if conditioned is not paired over time.
• Example:
  • Offensive odors (UCS) cause queasy feeling (UCR).
  • Hospital (NS) + offensive odors (UCS) cause queasy feeling (UR).
  • Eventually, hospital (CS) alone can cause queasy feeling (CR).

Systematic Desensitization

• It gradually reduced fear.
• Immersed in nonthreatening circumstances to provide sense of security, no harm to come.

Stimulus Generalization

• Application to learned stimuli stimulus
• Discrimination learning develops later when varied experiences differentiate among stimuli.

Spontaneous Recovery

• Important in relapse prevention programs (RPP).
• A response may reappear even after being extinguished, especially under similar stimulus conditions.
• It occurs in unhealthy habits or addictive behaviors.

Operant Conditioning

• (Burhuss Frederick Skinner) Focuses on the behavior of an action and the reenforcement comes after.
• Reinforcements refer responses closely followed by satisfaction will reoccur
• THORNDIKE'S LAW OF EFFECT dictates the satisfaction will be firmly attached to improve.

REINFORCEMENTS

• Reinforcements will become attached to the situation when repeated

Application/Implication

• Praise may assist in learning transfer.
• Prefer learning is by control of reward.

Employing Positive Reinforcement

• Verbal and non-verbal ways
• Citing in class or publishing

Classification of Educational Reinforcements

• Status indicators (appointment as peer tutor, having own space)
• Incentive feedback (increased knowledge of individual contributions).
• Personal activities (opportunity to engage in special projects, extra time off).
• Recognition-praise, certificate of accomplishment, pat on the back.
• Tangible rewards- grades, food, prizes, citation.
• School responsibilities- opportunities to increased self-management, participation in decision making.
• Reinforcement should be appropriate or linked to learning tasks.

Negative Reinforcement

• Escape conditioning- unpleasantness removed after response.
• Avoidance conditioning- an action is taken
• Example: student has test, makes self sick

Nonreinforcement

• Skinner simplest way to reduce response
• NOTE: Reinforcement is ineffective, punishment maybe employed
• Under the punishment conditions, the individual cannot escape the stimulus
• If employed, it should be given immediately in time
• Punish the behavior, not the person

Cognitive Theories of Learning

• Stresses mental processes relating to cognition in between actions
• Cognitive dwell on ability to assess problems

Cognition

• More actions mediated or acts on information applied in situations
• Intelligence solves problems
• Involves processes of perception, thinking, skills and memory
• To learn, individual must change their cognition

Perspective of The Cognitive Learning Theory

• Gestalt emphasizes perception in an organized structure of pattern or stimulus
• That person perceives responds this way
• Individual way

Principles

• Psychological organization in simplicity balance
• Selectivity- can not process the information or see at the same
• By needs factors affect the specific process

Implications to Health Care

• Aids on approach in any learning groups
• An approach is client

Information Processing

• Emphasizes thinking processes
• Thought
• Reasoning
• Encountering of storing
• Memory
• To assessing in function

Information processing

• The model pay attention by a time Events activate cognitive processes
• Gain learners
• Inform
• Simulate
• Providing
• Demonstrate
• Work to enhance retention

Effective Learning

• Believe in how they learn
• Ask them to be specific
• Demonstrate the info may affect
• Conscious reasons Cognitive development
• Focuses
• Sequential or in process with time with age

Principal

• Process of discoveries
• Cognitive organization that's
• Learning

Events to activate

• Attention

Piaget's stages

• Sensory
• Preoperational
• In their skills coordinate

According to Piaget’s view:

• Children take information as they interact with others in a way that fits what they know (assimilation) or in a new way that changes their perception (accommodation).

Piaget’s view of child information

• Take in and find children’s environment will change based on other’s interpretation.
• Some learn effectively by their own discovering
• Others will socially be with others

Some theorists say about adult learning:

• Still improve concretely
• Adapt to others situations
• Better not affect the illness

Health Care

• Encourage the awareness

Social learning

• Explains how social and change influences.
• Importance if determined situations,
• Traditionally reinforce and modeling
• Environmental with behaviors.

Bandura

• The behavior comes in with how it is seen in the past
• The behavior influences with results
• The cognition focuses on how we act

With learning occurs

• Other people what happens
• Reinforce their roles of action and emotions

Four in Modeling

• What actions the best actions do
• Learners will copy other
• Correction of a reenforcement

Effective action

• Learning is easier is that reenforcer acts as
• Will enhance how to learn

Code of Ethics

• Licensed personnel Preamble
• Practice ethics standard Article i:
• Quality teachers
• Educational setting
• Full or part time

State

• Heritage
• The nation can affect learning processes with
• The state and Filipino will be safe in setting

Community

• Facilitator of environment provide the best service by growing

Teacher

• Give to the best
• Dignified community as a result

Teacher Profession

• Is with teaching in best and career
• Support with help in support

The teachers and profession

• Mutual support of group

Ethics

• Integrity with respect
• A way not of poor habits

Teachers

• Work by following the state in a professional code
• Work to improve based
• What students say will be fair
• Professionalism
• By a state level and standard
• Support will happen
• A better society
• By best will they have

The business of a work industry

• Not for harm to the person
• Act responsibly
• Or ethically

Learning

• Experience is what helps
• The birth and death

The factors

• Structure
• Stimuli credibility
• Feedback

Learning facilitates

• Teacher skill
• The types
• Student should be at mind at hand

Principals applied to different styles

• Teacher students modeling
• To retain lessons for
• Patients best ability is what should happen
• Patient by this

The Cone

• Receiving and participating
• Actively improve learning
• Support and take convenience
• How can knowledge be improved.

Principles

• Give important support Good luck.

Explore key principles of learning theories, including Bandura's determinants of behavior and reciprocal determinism. Understand vicarious reinforcement, the role of attention in observational learning, and the modeling process. Identify factors influencing skill acquisition.