Learning Theories and Factors

Learning

• Defined as the process of acquiring and retaining attitudes, knowledge, understanding, skills, and capabilities that are not inherited behavior patterns or physical growth.
• Can be classified into four types: cognitive, psychomotor, affective, social relating and perceptual learning.
• Cognitive learning involves mental processes like reasoning, remembering, and recalling, contributing to the development of intellectual skills.
• Psychomotor learning focuses on developing skills requiring coordination between the brain and muscles.
• Affective learning involves changes in interest, attitudes, values, and appreciation.
• Social relating and perceptual learning encompasses observing social etiquette, discussing, and interacting with others socially.

Factors Affecting Learning

• The learner's intelligence.
• The nature of the subject matter.
• The learner's perception of the subject matter's significance.
• The learning method used.
• The learning environment.

Effective Learning Requirements

• Clear objectives stated in behavioral terms.
• Readiness for learning in terms of intellectual, physical, emotional, or social maturation.
• Use of communication methods appropriate for the learner's age and ability.
• Careful guidance throughout the learning experience.
• Recall of relevant prior knowledge.
• Full attention and concentration throughout the learning process.
• Strong motivation to learn.
• Active involvement of the learner in the learning process.

Education

• Derived from the Latin words "educere," "educare," and "educatum," meaning "to learn," "to know," and "to lead out."
• Aims to lead out the internal hidden talent of a child or individual.
• Different educational philosophers have diverse definitions of education.
• Education, in its broadest sense, encompasses all influences on an individual from cradle to grave.
• Various philosophers have unique views on education, including:
  • Aristotle: Education creates a sound mind in a sound body, developing the individual's faculties, especially the mind, to appreciate truth, goodness, and beauty.
  • Rousseau: Education is the child's development from within.
  • Froebel: Education is unfolding what's already present in the child's potential. It is the process of making the internal external.
  • Pestalozzi: Education is the harmonious development of all of an individual's innate physical, intellectual, and moral powers.

Functions of Education

• Civilizing humans.
• Satisfying needs.
• Adapting to the environment.
• Modifying the environment.
• Developing character.
• Fostering individuality.
• Preparing for life.
• Creating good citizens.
• Providing practical knowledge in various fields of work.
• Promoting social efficiency.