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Questions and Answers
What type of learning involves reinforcement and punishment?
What type of learning involves reinforcement and punishment?
Which statement describes cognitive learning?
Which statement describes cognitive learning?
What kind of reinforcement occurs after a set amount of behavior is demonstrated?
What kind of reinforcement occurs after a set amount of behavior is demonstrated?
Which type of punishment involves presenting something unpleasant?
Which type of punishment involves presenting something unpleasant?
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What is a basic characteristic of instincts?
What is a basic characteristic of instincts?
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Who is associated with the concept of classical conditioning?
Who is associated with the concept of classical conditioning?
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Which schedule of reinforcement involves unpredictable reinforcement after varying amounts of time?
Which schedule of reinforcement involves unpredictable reinforcement after varying amounts of time?
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What is the primary belief of the humanistic school of psychology?
What is the primary belief of the humanistic school of psychology?
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Study Notes
Learning Principles
- Learning is a lasting change in thoughts or behaviors due to experience.
- Reflexes, instincts, and maturation are unlearned responses.
Types of Learning
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Operant Conditioning: Learning through consequences.
- Behaviorists: Focus on observable behaviors.
- BF Skinner: A prominent behaviorist.
- Operant behaviors affect the environment.
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Cognitive Learning: Learning through thinking and memory.
- Cognitive Map: Mental representation of space.
- Strategies: Methods for problem-solving.
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Social Learning: Learning through observation and imitation.
- Observation: Watching others.
- Modeling: Copying behaviors.
- Bobo Doll Experiment: Demonstrates observational learning.
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Classical Conditioning: Learning through associations (stimulus-response).
- Ivan Pavlov: Russian physiologist known for this work.
- Nobel Prize: Awarded for Pavlov's research on digestion.
- Conditioned Stimulus: Learned stimulus-response.
- Unconditioned Stimulus: Natural stimulus-response.
Operant Conditioning Details
- Behavior: Action performed.
- Consequence: Result that affects future behavior.
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Reinforcement: Increases behavior.
- Positive Reinforcement: Adding something desirable.
- Negative Reinforcement: Removing something unpleasant.
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Punishment: Decreases behavior.
- Positive Punishment: Adding something unpleasant.
- Negative Punishment: Removing something desirable.
Schedules of Reinforcement
- Continuous Reinforcement: Rewarding every desired behavior.
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Partial Reinforcement: Rewarding some, but not all, desired behaviors.
- Fixed Ratio: Reward after a set number of behaviors.
- Variable Ratio: Reward after a random number of behaviors.
- Fixed Interval: Reward after a set amount of time.
- Variable Interval: Reward after a random amount of time.
Psychology Definitions
- Psyche: Mind, spirit, or soul.
- Psychology: Scientific study of human and animal behaviors and mental processes.
Schools of Psychology
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Humanistic:
- Emphasizes personal growth and free will.
- Believes all humans are naturally good.
- Founders: Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow.
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Cognitive:
- Focuses on mental processes like thinking and memory.
- Believes thoughts shape behavior.
- Emphasizes the power of mental processes.
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Behavioral:
- Focuses on observable behaviors.
- Believes environment shapes behavior.
- Founders: John Watson, BF Skinner.
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Psychoanalytic:
- Emphasizes unconscious drives and motivations.
- Founder: Sigmund Freud.
- Conscious mind: Thoughts, feelings, memories.
- Unconscious mind: Repressed thoughts.
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Sociocultural:
- Focuses on how social and cultural influences shape behavior.
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Neurobiological:
- Focuses on the biological aspects of behavior and mental processes.
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Description
Explore the various principles and types of learning in psychology, including operant conditioning, cognitive learning, social learning, and classical conditioning. Delve into key figures and experiments that shaped our understanding of how we learn and adapt through experiences.
