Learning and Engagement Week 1-2
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Questions and Answers

What is the main advantage of using direct instruction, according to the content?

  • It encourages student-centered learning and self-directed exploration.
  • It helps students develop critical thinking skills and problem-solving abilities.
  • It allows for flexibility and adaptability to individual student needs.
  • It ensures efficiency, consistency, and clarity in conveying information. (correct)
  • Which of the following teaching methods aligns with the principles of backward design?

  • Starting with the desired learning outcomes and then planning instruction accordingly. (correct)
  • Direct instruction, focusing on delivering information in a clear and structured way.
  • Discovery learning, encouraging students to explore concepts independently.
  • Using Bloom's Taxonomy to guide instruction from basic to complex concepts.
  • What is the primary goal of a spiral curriculum, as described in the content?

  • To encourage self-discovery and independent learning through hands-on activities.
  • To provide students with a comprehensive understanding of a subject within a single unit.
  • To introduce new concepts at a progressively increasing level of complexity. (correct)
  • To assess student progress and identify areas needing further attention.
  • What is a key benefit of incorporating discovery learning in the classroom?

    <p>It encourages student engagement, improves recall, and demonstrates the value of learning. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the content, why is it essential to plan instruction effectively?

    <p>It ensures that learning experiences are engaging, meaningful, and contribute to achieving desired learning outcomes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of assessment is used to identify students' strengths and weaknesses?

    <p>Diagnostic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes norm-based assessment from criteria-based assessment?

    <p>Criteria-based assessment emphasizes achieving specific standards, while norm-based assessment compares students to their peers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of criteria-based assessment?

    <p>It promotes consistent evaluation over time. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does "triangulation" refer to in the context of assessment?

    <p>Using multiple sources of information to assess student learning. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key principle behind "backward design"?

    <p>Starting with learning objectives and working backward to design assessments. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a benefit of norm-based assessment?

    <p>Creating a consistent evaluation across different groups. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which philosophical approach emphasizes the importance of timeless ideas and universal truths?

    <p>Perennialism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern about "washback" in assessment?

    <p>Students' performance being influenced by their knowledge of the assessment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of learning, as described in the content?

    <p>A change that is influenced by external factors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the content, what is the key difference between a novice and an expert in a given field?

    <p>An expert can apply knowledge to both familiar and unfamiliar situations, while a novice struggles with unfamiliar situations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of recording a pre-interview with the instructor in the observation report?

    <p>To get a baseline understanding of the instructor's goals and teaching methods. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a characteristic of engagement in learning, as described in the content?

    <p>Passive observation of the learning process. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a question that could be asked to understand the state of learning and engagement?

    <p>Why are students choosing to switch programs? (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of a curriculum?

    <p>Implementation plan (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is a type of knowledge according to the given content?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which educational philosophy emphasizes practical skills and knowledge that have a direct use in society?

    <p>Essentialism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose behind 'interleaving' in learning?

    <p>To improve retention by alternating between different subjects or concepts. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between 'planned' and 'enacted' curriculum?

    <p>Planned curriculum is what is written on paper, while enacted curriculum is what happens in practice. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'hidden curriculum' refer to?

    <p>The curriculum that is not explicitly stated but is nonetheless present in the school environment. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a characteristic of a good assessment?

    <p>Subjective (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements BEST explains the relationship between forgetting and practice?

    <p>Forgetting occurs due to lack of practice, and practice helps to reduce forgetting. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of engagement mentioned in the provided content?

    <p>Motivational (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the content, what is the main goal when it comes to intrinsic motivation?

    <p>To help students reach a state of &quot;flow&quot; where they are fully absorbed in the learning process (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a principle of extrinsic motivation according to the provided content?

    <p>Social reinforcement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key element of the Self-Determination Theory?

    <p>Autonomy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the "Redundancy Principle" suggest about learning?

    <p>Students learn best when presented with information in a variety of formats. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the concept of "schemas" as discussed in the content?

    <p>Mental frameworks that help organize and interpret information. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main idea behind the "Memory Palace" mnemonic technique?

    <p>Creating a mental image of a familiar place to store information. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is most likely to influence the effectiveness of reinforcement?

    <p>The type of reinforcement used. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the content, what is the main reason why we forget things?

    <p>We do not actively practice recalling the information. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main idea behind the Expectancy-Value Theory?

    <p>Students are motivated to learn when they believe they will succeed and value the outcome. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Pygmalion Effect, what are the common effects of low expectations on students?

    <p>More criticism, less praise, less feedback, and less interaction with teachers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main idea behind the 'Two Sigma Problem' in Mastery Learning?

    <p>The average student can achieve a two-sigma (two standard deviations) improvement in their performance with appropriate interventions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the content, what is the most crucial element in creating a successful learning environment, ultimately impacting student performance?

    <p>Trust between teachers and students (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a key component of the 'Trust Equation' as presented in the text?

    <p>Empathy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of educational practices, what does 'Androgogy' refer to?

    <p>Teaching approaches that focus on self-directed and experienced learners, typically adults (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of Universal Design in Learning?

    <p>To ensure that learning experiences are adaptable and accessible to all students, regardless of their differences (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key characteristic of a 'Student-Centered' learning environment?

    <p>Focus on individual student needs and interests through differentiated instruction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main concept conveyed by the 'Waterline of Visibility' metaphor?

    <p>The limitations of our perceptions, often overlooking the complexities of individuals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to John Hattie's research on key factors affecting learning, which element has the most significant impact?

    <p>Home environment and parental involvement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of a 'Dialectical Space' in education?

    <p>A collaborative and interactive environment where students engage in meaningful dialogues and discussions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common reason why education is often resistant to innovation?

    <p>The overreliance on standardized testing and traditional assessment methods (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the 'Double Loop Learning' concept?

    <p>Reflecting on underlying assumptions and beliefs and potentially changing them (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main idea behind the 'Whole in the Wall' experiment, as described in the text?

    <p>Children are naturally inquisitive and motivated to learn, even without external incentives (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between 'Pedagogy' and 'Androgogy'?

    <p>Pedagogy focuses on teaching children, while Androgogy focuses on teaching adults (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of establishing a good 'School Climate'?

    <p>It promotes positive social interactions and a sense of belonging. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'Assimilation' signify in the context of Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

    <p>Acquiring new knowledge by integrating it into existing mental frameworks (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Learning

    A change in cognition and behavior that persists over time due to experience.

    Novice to Expert

    Progression in knowledge from novice (familiar with concepts) to expert (understanding patterns).

    Engagement

    Active participation and commitment to learning goals and activities.

    Disengagement

    Lack of interest or participation in activities and learning processes.

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    Change in Behavior

    Observable changes in actions that may not always indicate learning.

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    Types of Engagement

    Three forms: Behavioral, Cognitive, and Emotional engagement.

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    Authentic Engagement

    A form of engagement where students enjoy the learning experience.

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    Ritual Engagement

    Following procedures without personal connection to the material.

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    Self-Efficacy Theory

    Motivation is driven by the belief in one's abilities to succeed.

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    Expectancy Value Theory

    Motivation equals the probability of success times its value to the individual.

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    Self-Determination Theory

    Motivation needs expectancy, relatedness, and autonomy to thrive.

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    Encoding

    The process of putting information into memory for later retrieval.

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    Redundancy Principle

    Students learn better with narration and animation than with added text.

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    Schemas

    Mental categories that help us organize and interpret knowledge.

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    Recall and the Forgetting Curve

    The pattern of losing information over time, most of which occurs quickly.

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    Forgetting Curve

    The decline of memory retention over time if not retrieved.

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    Law of Exercise

    The principle that practice strengthens the connections necessary for recall.

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    Interleaving

    The practice of switching between different subjects or skills during study.

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    Retrieval Importance

    Retrieval practice is more effective than repeated exposure to information.

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    Critical Thinking

    The ability to make reasoned judgments based on available information.

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    Curriculum Definition

    A structured outline of educational content and learning experiences.

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    Types of Knowledge

    Categorized as declarative (what), procedural (how), conditional (when).

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    Hidden Curriculum

    The implicit values and behaviors taught outside the formal curriculum.

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    Backward Design

    An instructional design approach that starts with the end goals first, then plans assessments and learning activities.

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    Direct Instruction

    A teacher-centered approach focusing on explicit teaching through lectures and demonstrations with limited student participation.

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    Bloom's Taxonomy

    A framework for categorizing educational goals into levels of complexity: Remember, Understand, Apply, Analyze, Evaluate, Create.

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    Discovery Learning

    An approach where students learn by engaging in hands-on problem-solving and exploration rather than by direct instruction.

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    Spiral Curriculum

    An educational approach that revisits concepts with increasing complexity over time to deepen understanding.

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    Diagnostic Assessment

    Determining what level a learner is at and identifying gaps in knowledge.

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    Formative Assessment

    Assessing a learner's progress during the learning process.

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    Summative Assessment

    Evaluating what a learner has learned at the end of a period.

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    Norm-Based Assessment

    Evaluating performance in relation to peers or a cohort.

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    Criteria-Based Assessment

    Assessment based on specific criteria, not compared to peers.

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    Triangulation in Assessment

    Using multiple methods (product, behavior, conversation) to assess knowledge.

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    Washback Effect

    Impact of assessment on learner behavior and performance.

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    Mastery Learning

    A teaching strategy that focuses on fixing performance outcomes instead of limiting time.

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    Pygmalion Effect

    The phenomenon where higher expectations lead to an increase in performance.

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    Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

    When a belief or expectation about a person leads to its own fulfillment.

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    Teacher Expectancy Effect

    Teachers' expectations affect students' performance and behavior.

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    School Climate

    The social environment that affects student learning and connectedness.

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    Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems

    A framework that describes different environmental systems affecting development.

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    Cognitive Apprenticeship

    Learning from someone more skilled without the pressure of scrutiny.

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    Growth Mindset

    The belief that abilities can be developed through dedication and hard work.

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    Grit

    Passion and perseverance in pursuing long-term goals.

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    Universal Design

    Creating adaptable learning environments that meet diverse needs.

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    Student-Centred Learning

    Students actively engage in their own learning process rather than being passive recipients.

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    Heutagogy

    Self-directed learning where learners choose what and how to learn.

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    Dialogical Learning

    Learning through dialogue and conversation, fostering deeper understanding.

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    Double Loop Learning

    Reflecting on and revising learning strategies based on feedback and experiences.

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    Knowledge vs Understanding

    Knowledge is acquiring information; understanding is grasping concepts.

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    Study Notes

    WEEK 1 - Learning

    • Learning involves a change in knowledge and behaviour over time due to experience.
    • The amount of change in learning is significant, progressing from novice to expert understanding.
    • This change in behaviour doesn't automatically mean learning has occurred.
    • Observation reports, like the UTM swim lesson example, involve pre-interviews and observations, evaluating student and teacher engagement (30-40 minutes).

    WEEK 2 - Engagement

    • Engagement is a state of learning, encompassing several key interests, including program switching reasons, completion rates, activity participation, and engagement/disengagement dynamics.
    • Engagement is defined as active participation in activities, with commitment to learning goals.
    • Disengagement is demonstrated by factors such as lack of preparation, concentration difficulties, and a lack of active learning.
    • There are three types of engagement: behavioural, cognitive, and emotional.

    Levels of Engagement

    • Authentic - enjoying the activity.
    • Ritual - knowing how and when to do things without personal connection.
    • Passive - doing the bare minimum.
    • Retreatment - present but low effort.
    • Rebellious - looking for mistakes and being disruptive.

    How to Boost Engagement

    • Extrinsic motivation (Skinner) involves positive reinforcement, but can be unsustainable if not rewarding specific behaviours.
    • Negative reinforcement can be helpful, as it involves techniques like immediacy, frequency and variations..
    • Intrinsic motivation involves initiating and directing one's learning.

    WEEK 3 - Retention

    • Instruction is to alter long-term memory (not simply information short-term storage).
    • Encoding is the process of ensuring information enters the brain.
    • Interference and capacity limitations should be considered as external factors impacting encoding.
    • Chunking information (Miller's rule of 7±2) enhances memory.
    • Redundancy and schema theory are discussed for effective learning.
    • Prior knowledge significantly influences memory formation and recall.
    • Mnemonics facilitate memory retention through associating meaning with objects or locations.

    WEEK 4 - Curriculum

    • Curriculum encompasses essential knowledge, practical skills, learning experiences, and content for general skills and knowledge.
    • Aims of curriculum emphasize the importance of learning goals, objectives, content selection and assessment methods.
    • A curriculum's purpose is to shape individuals for contemporary life and general knowledge.

    WEEK 5 - Assessment

    • Assessment is integral learning; it serves as a measure of knowledge and to gauge understanding.
    • Norm-referenced assessments compare students to others, while criterion-referenced assessments evaluate if criteria have been met.
    • Assessments should be relevant, specific, measureable, adjustable, and time-sensitive to students' performance or actions.

    WEEK 6 - Instruction

    • Effective instruction involves a backward design approach. This emphasizes identifying desired results, determining acceptable evidence, and planning learning experiences.
    • Direct instruction (lecture-style teaching) emphasizes knowledge transmission.

    WEEK 7 - Climate

    • Teacher expectations impact student performance (Pygmalion effect).
    • Teacher behaviours and student perception significantly influence learning outcomes, along with encouragement and student feedback.
    • Fostering a supportive classroom climate promotes higher engagement and learning.

    WEEK 8 - Learning Space

    • The learning environment significantly impacts learning.
    • Factors such as natural light, ventilation, temperature, and aesthetics are key elements in the learning process which are crucial for student learning and well-being, since they have positive impacts on concentration, performance, and attendance.
    • Multi-sensory approach enhances perception through various stimuli impacting the learning environment.

    WEEK 9 - Universal Design

    • Universal Design is about creating a learning environment suitable for everyone, addressing a range of needs.
    • Standardized assessments provide measurable data for educational purposes.
    • Pedagogy should focus on how teachers teach their students to fully maximise their potential.

    WEEK 10- Learning Spaces

    • Learning environments, while seemingly unchanged since ancient times, have significant impacts on learning.
    • The learner needs to adjust to the environment rather than the environment to the learner.
    • Factors such as noise, lighting, seating arrangement, seating style and the physical layout of the room can impact engagement and success.

    WEEK 11 - Learners

    • Effective learning involves student engagement and construction of knowledge.
    • Learning styles and experiences matter and should be considered.
    • Assimilation and accommodation are critical in adapting to new information.

    WEEK 12 - Teachers

    • Children's vulnerability to stress and trauma has an impact on learning ability.
    • The teacher plays a key role in influencing student engagement, and expectations and social contexts.
    • Schools, and environments, have less impact than individual experiences and teacher-student relationships.

    WEEK 13 - Critical Thinking

    • Collaborative processes enhance both learning and teaching.
    • Effective dialogue stimulates learning and critical thinking.
    • Questions can be about factual information, predictions, analysis or application-based reasoning.

    WEEK 14 - Evaluation

    • Exam format includes MCQ, short answer, and essay answers.
    • All topics integrate effectively and are assessed cumulatively throughout the course.

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    Description

    This quiz focuses on the key concepts of learning and engagement from Weeks 1 and 2. It evaluates your understanding of how knowledge and behavior change over time, as well as the dynamics of engagement in learning processes. Prepare to reflect on the difference between engagement and disengagement, including the types of engagement present in educational settings.

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