Learner-Centered Psychological Principles
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following principles focus on motivational and emotional influences on learning?

  • Intrinsic motivation to learn (correct)
  • Construction of knowledge
  • Nature of the learning process
  • Developmental influences on learning

    • Social interactions have no impact on the learning process.

    False (B)

    What is the role of strategic thinking in the learning process?

    Strategic thinking enables learners to create and utilize various thinking and reasoning strategies to achieve complex learning goals.

    The successful learner can _____ new information with existing knowledge in meaningful ways.

    <p>link</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle states that learners have different strategies and approaches for learning?

    <p>Individual differences in learning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Developmental influences on learning remain constant throughout an individual's life.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following principles with their correct descriptions:

    <p>Nature of the learning process = Intentional process of constructing meaning Goals of the learning process = Creating coherent representations of knowledge Effects of motivation on effort = Guided practice and extended effort required Learning and diversity = Accommodating various learner backgrounds and needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by intrinsic motivation to learn?

    <p>Intrinsic motivation refers to the natural curiosity and creativity that drive learners to engage in learning activities for personal satisfaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the environmental variables that impact who we are?

    <p>Nurture (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the continuity view, change in development is viewed as abrupt.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who proposed that the mind begins as a blank slate?

    <p>John Locke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Learning can be more effective when __________ differences are taken into account.

    <p>cultural</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following philosophers with their beliefs about learning:

    <p>Plato = Certain things are inborn Descartes = Learning is influenced by natural occurrences John Locke = Tabula rasa theory John B. Watson = Behaviorism and empiricism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area focuses on learners reflecting and regulating their thoughts?

    <p>Strategic processing and control (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Motivation and affect are irrelevant to the learning process.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the five areas distilled from the principles of learning by Alexander and Murphy?

    <p>Knowledge base, strategic processing and control, motivation and affect, development and individual differences, situation or context.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the age range defined by WHO for a person to be considered an adolescent?

    <p>10 to 19 years (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cognitive development includes only the physical growth of a person.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'human development' refer to?

    <p>Physical, cognitive, and psychosocial development throughout the lifespan.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _____ development involves emotions, personality, and social relationships.

    <p>Psychosocial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of development with their descriptions:

    <p>Physical development = Growth and changes in the body and brain Cognitive development = Learning, attention, and reasoning Psychosocial development = Emotions and social relationships Growth = Increase in weight, size, and habits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to change theorists, how are personalities modified?

    <p>By interactions with family and experiences (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Development is solely influenced by hereditary factors.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What organization considers a child to be a person 18 years or younger?

    <p>UNESCO, UNICEF, and WHO</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach emphasizes developmental change throughout adulthood as well as childhood?

    <p>Life-span approach (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Development occurs uniformly across all individuals.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three stages of prenatal development?

    <p>Germinal, embryonic, and fetal periods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Development proceeds from _____ to specific.

    <p>general</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the stages of human development with their time frames:

    <p>Prenatal Stage = Conception to birth Infancy = Birth to 1 year Toddlerhood = 1 to 2 years Sensorimotor Stage = Birth to 2 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the life-span perspective of development?

    <p>Development is lifelong and varies in rate. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Most traits are not correlated in development.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the sensorimotor stage of development?

    <p>Exploration and manipulation of the world</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary task during adolescence according to Erikson's theory?

    <p>Developing a sense of self (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The period of late adulthood is characterized by the task of intimacy vs. isolation.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the five psychosexual stages proposed by Sigmund Freud?

    <p>Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During early childhood, children experience the stage of ______ vs. guilt as they begin to initiate activities.

    <p>initiative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following developmental stages with their corresponding tasks:

    <p>Infancy = Trust vs. Mistrust Preschool = Initiative vs. Guilt Middle Adulthood = Generativity vs. Stagnation Late Adulthood = Integrity vs. Despair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Learner-Centered Psychological Principles

    • The 14 learner-centered psychological principles were developed by the American Psychological Association (APA)
    • The principles are divided into four categories: cognitive and metacognitive, motivational and affective, developmental and social, and individual differences.

    Cognitive and Metacognitive

    • Learning complex subjects is most effective when it is an intentional process.
    • Learners can create meaningful representations of knowledge over time with support.
    • Learners successfully link new information to existing knowledge in meaningful ways.
    • Learners use a repertoire of thinking and reasoning strategies to achieve complex learning goals.
    • Higher-order strategies for selecting and monitoring mental operations facilitate creative and critical thinking.
    • The context of learning is influenced by cultural, technological, and instructional practices.
    • Motivation influences the acquisition of complex knowledge and skills, requiring extended effort and guided practice.

    Motivational and Affective

    • Learners are more likely to learn when they are intrinsically motivated.
    • The learner's creativity, higher-order thinking, and natural curiosity contribute to motivation to learn.

    Developmental and Social

    • Developmental opportunities and constraints influence learning as individuals grow.
    • Social interactions, interpersonal relations, and communication influence learning with others.

    Individual Differences

    • Learners have unique strategies, approaches, and capabilities for learning based on prior experience and heredity.
    • Learning is most effective when differences in learners' linguistic, cultural, and social backgrounds are considered.
    • Setting challenging standards and assessing the learner and learning progress are essential.

    Alexander and Murphy's Five Key Areas

    • Existing knowledge forms the foundation of all future learning.
    • Learners can develop skills to reflect and regulate their thoughts and behaviors to learn more effectively.
    • Intrinsic motivation, personal goals, and enjoyment of learning tasks are crucial for the learning process.
    • Learning is a unique journey for each person due to their unique combination of genetic and environmental factors.
    • Learning happens within the context of society and the individual.

    Human Development

    • Development is defined as the process where a person's growth is influenced by physical, environmental, and social factors.
    • Heredity and environment influence development.
    • Development is predictable, sequential, gradual, and continuous.
    • Development is a product of heredity and environment.
    • Development is multidimensional and includes growth, maintenance, and regulation.

    Stages of Human Development

    • Prenatal Stage: Conception and development begin. Three stages of prenatal development are germinal, embryonic, and fetal periods.
    • Infancy and Toddlerhood: The first year and a half to two years of life are marked by dramatic growth and change.
    • Early Childhood: Children start to explore their world during this stage, developing autonomy and initiative.
    • Middle Childhood: Children face the task of industry vs. inferiority by comparing themselves to their peers.
    • Adolescence: The focus is on identity development with identity vs. role confusion
    • Early Adulthood: Individuals seek intimacy and connection with others.
    • Middle Adulthood: The focus shifts to generativity and contributing to society.
    • Late Adulthood: Individuals strive for integrity and reflect on their life experiences.

    Psychosexual Development

    • Sigmund Freud proposed five psychosexual stages that influence personality development: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages.

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    Description

    Explore the 14 learner-centered psychological principles developed by the APA. This quiz covers the four categories: cognitive and metacognitive, motivational and affective, developmental and social, and individual differences. Test your understanding of how these principles can enhance learning and motivation.

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