61 Questions
What dispute did the League resolve between Finland and Sweden in 1921?
Aaland Islands
What did the League do in the dispute between Greece and Bulgaria in 1925?
Forced Greece to withdraw from Bulgaria
What was the outcome of the Italian invasion of Corfu in 1923?
At first the League told Italy to withdraw, but later backed down
What were some of the structural weaknesses of the League?
Understaffed and disorganised Secretariat, unanimous agreement required by Security Council
Why did the League lack authority?
No army, inability to enforce trade sanctions, reliance on member countries' troops
Which major countries were initially not part of the League?
USA, USSR, Germany
What was the League's response to the Italian invasion of Abyssinia in 1935?
The League stopped arms sales to both sides, hurting Abyssinia more than Italy.
Why were countries unwilling to impose economic sanctions during the Great Depression?
They wanted to maintain their trade contacts and build up their own economies before trying to help the League resolve international conflicts.
What did Japan do in Manchuria in 1931?
Japan invaded Manchuria and renamed it as Manchukuo, setting up a puppet government.
What was the outcome of the League's efforts to resolve the Japanese invasion of Manchuria?
The League condemned the invasion, but Japan ignored the findings and left the League.
What were some of the other successes of the League in the 1930s?
Refugee Organisation helped 425,000 refugees find homes after the Turkish war of independence, Health Organisation reduced leprosy, and the Slavery Commission freed 200,000 slaves in Sierra Leone.
What did the League do in the dispute between Greece and Bulgaria in 1925?
The League imposed economic sanctions on Bulgaria.
What was the League's response to the Italian invasion of Abyssinia in 1935?
The League stopped arms sales to both sides.
What were the reasons behind the League of Nations' failure during the Great Depression?
Countries became inward-looking and unwilling to impose economic sanctions.
What were some of the other successes of the League of Nations in the 1930s?
It helped 425,000 refugees find homes after the Turkish war of independence, reduced leprosy, and freed 200,000 slaves in Sierra Leone.
Why were countries unwilling to impose economic sanctions during the Great Depression?
They wanted to maintain their trade contacts and build up their own economies.
What were the structural weaknesses of the League of Nations in the 1920s?
Understaffed Secretariat, unanimous agreement required by the Security Council, and lack of enforcement power
What was the dispute resolved by the League of Nations between Finland and Sweden in 1921?
Aaland Islands
What was the outcome of the Italian invasion of Corfu in 1923?
League initially told Italy to withdraw, but later backed down
What were some reasons for the League of Nations' failure in the 1920s?
Structural weaknesses, lack of authority, and atmosphere of distrust
What atmosphere of distrust affected the League of Nations' ability to resolve conflicts?
Unwillingness of countries to contribute troops and reluctance to be the first to disarm
What dispute did the League of Nations resolve between Greece and Bulgaria in 1925?
Forced Greece to withdraw from Bulgaria
What were the pre-Nazi social trends for German women?
Decrease in population growth and increase in female employment
How did the First World War impact female employment in Germany?
It drove women into the factories and encouraged them to stay working after the war.
What social changes contributed to the expansion of female employment in Germany?
Use of contraception to limit family size and long term changes in social behavior.
What were the Nazis' aims for women?
To have more children and become housewives, and to stop paid employment except for very specialist vocations.
How did the Nazis view the roles of men and women?
They believed in entirely different roles for the two sexes, with a woman's place seen as being in the home.
What were the contrasting views of female emancipation between pre-Nazi social trends and Nazism?
Pre-Nazi trends supported female emancipation through increased employment and contraception, while Nazism opposed female emancipation and aimed to confine women to the home.
What impact did long term changes in social behavior have on German women's employment?
They provided better educated women with the opportunity to have a vocation as well as children.
In what way did the use of contraception contribute to changes in German family life?
It gave better educated women the opportunity to have a vocation as well as children.
What was the impact of the decrease in population growth on German family life?
It marked a significant decrease, with live births dropping from over two million per annum in 1900 to below one million by 1933.
Why did the postwar economic problems encourage women to continue working in Germany?
The economic problems encouraged women to stay on working.
What was one of the important social changes in German family life during the first quarter of the twentieth century?
Increase in female employment and decrease in population growth
What was one of the effects of the use of contraception on German women?
Enabled them to pursue a vocation as well as have children
What was the view of the Nazis regarding women's roles?
To have more children and become housewives
Why did female employment expand during the First World War?
Due to a shortage of male workers in factories
What were the aims of the Nazis for women in terms of paid employment?
To stop paid employment except for very specialist vocations
What was the impact of the postwar economic problems on female employment in Germany?
Encouraged women to stay on working despite economic problems
What was the impact of nature according to the Nazis' view of women's roles?
'A woman's place was to be in the home'
What led to the decrease in population growth in Germany by 1933?
Increased use of contraception and decreased female employment
What was one of the trends that significantly outstripped the increase of women in the population during the first quarter of the twentieth century?
Increase in female employment
What was one of the effects of better-educated women using contraception to limit family size?
Enabled them to pursue a vocation as well as have children
What was one of the reasons for the expansion of female employment in Germany during the first quarter of the twentieth century?
First World War driving women into factories
What was the impact of long term changes in social behavior on German women's employment?
Expansion of female employment by at least a third
What were the aims of the Nazis for women in terms of paid employment?
To stop all paid employment except for specialized vocations
What was one of the trends that significantly outstripped the increase of women in the population during the first quarter of the twentieth century?
Expansion of female employment by at least a third
What was one of the important social changes in German family life during the first quarter of the twentieth century?
Decrease in population growth
How did the Nazis view women's roles?
'A woman's place was to be in the home'
What dispute did the League resolve between Finland and Sweden in 1921?
'The dispute between Finland and Sweden'
What was one of the impacts of the postwar economic problems on female employment in Germany?
'Encouragement for women to work outside the home'
What did the League do in response to the Italian invasion of Abyssinia?
'Imposed economic sanctions on Italy'
What was one of the key social changes in German family life during the first quarter of the twentieth century?
Decrease in population growth and increase in female employment
What contributed to the expansion of female employment in Germany during the First World War?
Postwar economic problems and encouragement for women to continue working
What was the Nazis' view regarding the roles of women?
To have more children and become housewives
What was one of the impacts of the use of contraception on German women?
Limited family size and provided better educated women with career opportunities
What was one of the aims of the Nazis for women in terms of paid employment?
To stop paid employment except for very specialist vocations
What led to the decrease in population growth in Germany by 1933?
Increased availability of contraceptive methods
What were some of the long term changes in social behavior that contributed to the expansion of female employment in Germany?
Rapid industrialization and urbanization
What was one of the views held by the Nazis regarding the roles of the two sexes?
'A woman's place was to be in the home'
What was one of the trends that significantly outstripped the increase of women in the population during the first quarter of the twentieth century in Germany?
$2$ million live births per annum in 1900 compared to below $1$ million by 1933
'A woman's place was to be in the home' reflects which contrasting social trend between pre-Nazi era and Nazism?
'Expanding female employment' vs 'Opposing female emancipation'
Study Notes
The League of Nations
- In 1921, the League resolved a dispute between Finland and Sweden over the Åland Islands.
- In 1925, the League resolved a dispute between Greece and Bulgaria.
- In 1923, the League failed to prevent the Italian invasion of Corfu.
- The League's structural weaknesses included:
- Lack of authority
- Inability to impose economic sanctions
- Initial absence of major countries (e.g., Germany, Russia, USA)
- The League's failure during the Great Depression was due to:
- Countries' unwillingness to impose economic sanctions
- Structural weaknesses
- Atmosphere of distrust among nations
Japanese Invasion of Manchuria
- In 1931, Japan invaded Manchuria.
- The League failed to resolve the invasion, and Japan withdrew from the League in 1933.
Italian Invasion of Abyssinia
- In 1935, Italy invaded Abyssinia (Ethiopia).
- The League failed to respond effectively, and Italy withdrew from the League.
Women's Roles in Germany
- During the First World War, female employment expanded in Germany due to labor shortages.
- Pre-Nazi social trends included:
- Increased female employment
- Use of contraception
- Decrease in population growth
- Expansion of female education
- Nazism aimed to:
- Reverse female emancipation
- Promote women's roles in the home and family
- Limit women's participation in paid employment
- The Nazis viewed women's roles as:
- Subordinate to men's roles
- Focused on childbearing and domesticity
- Long-term changes in social behavior contributed to the expansion of female employment in Germany, including:
- Increased education and use of contraception among women
- Decrease in population growth and changes in family life
Test your knowledge about the League of Nations' successes and failures in the 1920s, including resolving disputes between Finland and Sweden, Greece and Bulgaria, and the Italian invasion of Corfu. Explore the reasons for both the successes and failures of the League during this period.
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