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Questions and Answers
What is the defining characteristic of pinnately reticulate leaf venation?
What is the defining characteristic of pinnately reticulate leaf venation?
- A single principal vein or midrib from which smaller veins branch out (correct)
- Multiple large veins radiating from around the tip of the petiole
- Absence of chloroplasts in closely-packed cells
- Presence of veins running parallel to each other
Which type of leaf venation is characteristic of monocots?
Which type of leaf venation is characteristic of monocots?
- Palmately reticulate
- Leaves with no chloroplasts in upper epidermis
- Veins running parallel to each other (correct)
- Pinnately reticulate
What type of tissue lies between the upper and lower epidermises in a leaf?
What type of tissue lies between the upper and lower epidermises in a leaf?
- Vascular bundles composed of cylindrical strands
- Spongy parenchyma containing oval-shaped cells (correct)
- Compactly-arranged cells with no chloroplasts
- Chlorophyll parenchyma
Which part of a dicot leaf has a waxy cuticle to prevent excessive water loss?
Which part of a dicot leaf has a waxy cuticle to prevent excessive water loss?
What is the main function of palisade parenchyma in leaves?
What is the main function of palisade parenchyma in leaves?
How is spongy mesophyll different from palisade parenchyma?
How is spongy mesophyll different from palisade parenchyma?
In palmately compound leaves, where do the large veins radiate from?
In palmately compound leaves, where do the large veins radiate from?
What type of leaves have several large veins radiating from a single point?
What type of leaves have several large veins radiating from a single point?
What do leaves with palmately compound leaf venation look like?
What do leaves with palmately compound leaf venation look like?
What distinguishes dry, dehiscent fruits from one another?
What distinguishes dry, dehiscent fruits from one another?
Which type of dry fruit is also known as a pod?
Which type of dry fruit is also known as a pod?
What is the characteristic of a capsule fruit?
What is the characteristic of a capsule fruit?
Which dry, indehiscent fruit has the seed united to the pericarp by all sides?
Which dry, indehiscent fruit has the seed united to the pericarp by all sides?
What is a common example of a dry, dehiscent fruit that splits in a variety of ways?
What is a common example of a dry, dehiscent fruit that splits in a variety of ways?
Which of the following dry fruits splits along one side?
Which of the following dry fruits splits along one side?
'Achene' is characterized by the seed connected to the pericarp only at which endpoint?
'Achene' is characterized by the seed connected to the pericarp only at which endpoint?
'Silique' is best described as a long, two-locular fruit that splits how?
'Silique' is best described as a long, two-locular fruit that splits how?
'Caryopsis' differs from 'Achene' in terms of:
'Caryopsis' differs from 'Achene' in terms of:
'Legume' is a term that refers to which type of dry fruit?
'Legume' is a term that refers to which type of dry fruit?
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Study Notes
Fruits
- A fruit is the mature, ripened ovary of a flower, which contains seeds and functions to protect them as they develop and help in their dispersal.
- The pericarp is the mature ovary wall of the fruit, made up of three distinct layers: exocarp (outermost layer), mesocarp (middle layer), and endocarp (innermost layer).
Types of Fruits
- Fleshy fruits: a fruit whose mesocarp is fleshy upon maturity
- Simple fleshy fruit: develops from a flower with a single pistil and has one or more carpels
- Berry: a fruit formed from a compound ovary with few to many seeds, with the entire pericarp being fleshy
- Pepo: a type of fleshy fruit with a thick, hard rind
- Pome: a fruit formed from a compound ovary in which the receptacle becomes thick and fleshy
- Hesperidium: a berry-like fruit covered with a thick, leathery skin containing oil and locules filled with fleshy outgrowths containing juice
- Drupe: a simple fleshy fruit with a single seed enclosed by a hard, stony endocarp
- Aggregate fruits: fruits derived from a single flower with several to many pistils
- Multiple fruits: fruits derived from several to many individual flowers in a single inflorescence
Dry Fruits
- Dry fruits: fruits whose mesocarp is definitely dry at maturity
- Dry, dehiscent fruits:
- Capsule: a more-than-one-carpelled fruit with 2 or more placentae
- Legume: a one-carpelled fruit splitting along 2 sides
- Silique: a long, two-locular fruit splitting with each half separating from the other
- Follicle: a one-carpel fruit splitting along one side
- Dry, indehiscent fruits:
- Achene: a one-seeded fruit with the seed connected to the pericarp only at one endpoint
- Caryopsis: a one-seeded fruit with the seed united to the pericarp by all sides
Leaf Types
- Simple leaf: consists of a single blade which may be entire, lobed or cleft but not down to the midrib
- Compound leaf: has a blade divided into a number of segments called leaflets in various ways
- Pinnately compound: the midrib, known as rachis, bears leaflets arranged in a linear sequence
- Unipinnate: the leaflets are attached directly on the rachis
- Bipinnate: the leaflets are attached to the secondary rachis
- Tripinnate: there are rachises of the first, second, and third orders
- Palmately compound: the leaflets are attached to the tip of the petiole from which they radiate
Leaf Venation
- Reticulate venation: a network pattern of veins and veinlets in the leaf
- Netted or reticulate: characteristic of dicots
- Parallel venation: characteristic of monocots
Specialized Leaves
- Reproduction: plantlets or buds may grow along notches, bases, apices, and tips of blades and petioles
- Aeration: enlarged petiole for buoyancy
- Support: presence of tendrils, hooks, and supporting leaf bases
- Protection: presence of bud scales, motile leaves, spines, stipules, and bracts
- Storage: dessert plants with succulent leaves that retain water in their large thin-walled parenchyma cells
- Attraction: petaloid flower bracts or brightly-variegated leaves
- Absorption: insectivorous leaves; uncutinized leaves especially in some aquatic plants
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