Leading Cause of Death in the U.S. Quiz

What percentage of cancer cases in 2018 were caused by infection according to the text?

32%
24%
50%
13% (correct)

What type of changes are epigenetic changes, as mentioned in the text?

DNA modifications that do not involve changes in the nucleotide sequence (correct)
Alterations in the DNA structure
Changes in gene expression
Changes in the nucleotide sequence

Which of the following is a symptom complex triggered by cancer but not caused by the tumor mass, as discussed in the text?

Hormonal imbalance due to tumor size
Cushing Syndrome (correct)
Direct tumor growth effects
Lung mass effect

What is the purpose of epigenetic silencing as described in the text?

Turn off gene expression (C) Signup and view all the answers

What age group is considered for interpreting BMI using standard weight status categories, according to the text?

20 years and older (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors was NOT mentioned as a non-hereditary risk factor for tumor initiation in the text?

Genetic predisposition (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of epigenetic changes on cells as discussed in the text?

"Prime" cells to be more susceptible to DNA mutation/damage (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones is associated with Cushing Syndrome as mentioned in the text?

"High levels of cortisol" (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the 2nd leading cause of death in the U.S.?

Cancer (B) Signup and view all the answers

When does a person become a Cancer Survivor?

After completing active treatment (D) Signup and view all the answers

What does Cancer Prevalence refer to?

The total number of people diagnosed with cancer currently alive (C) Signup and view all the answers

Where can data on cancer statistics be accessed?

<a href="http://wonder.cdc.gov/mcd-icd10-provisional.html">http://wonder.cdc.gov/mcd-icd10-provisional.html</a> (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the source mentioned for SEER Cancer Statistics Review from 1975-2008?

National Cancer Institute (D) Signup and view all the answers

How is Cancer Prevalence derived?

From incidence and mortality rates (D) Signup and view all the answers

What defines a person living with cancer?

Being in an active curative treatment phase (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which term best describes someone who was diagnosed with cancer and has completed all treatment?

'Completed active treatment' (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Observed Survival Rate' represent in cancer statistics?

The proportion of cancer patients surviving for a specified length of time after diagnosis (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula to calculate Cancer Mortality Rate?

(Cancer Deaths / Population) × 100,000 (D) Signup and view all the answers

How is Lifetime Risk of Developing Cancer defined in statistical terms?

The probability of developing or dying of cancer from the time of birth (D) Signup and view all the answers

Where do statisticians obtain the data needed to calculate cancer statistics?

National Cancer Institute SEER data submission (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of expressing Cancer Mortality as '# cancer deaths per 100,000 population'?

To standardize mortality rates and allow for comparison between populations (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which entity publishes the SEER Cancer Statistics Review from 1975-2008?

National Cancer Institute (C) Signup and view all the answers

'Lifetime Risk' in cancer statistics refers to what probability?

Probability of developing or dying of cancer from birth until death (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does Cancer Mortality Rate indicate when calculated for all cancers combined?

<h1>cancer deaths per 100,000 population for all cancers combined in a specified year (A)</h1> Signup and view all the answers

What is a warning sign of cancer related to changes in bowel or bladder habits?

A sore that does not heal in 6 weeks (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which sign or symptom may indicate some breast cancers?

Thickening or lump in breast (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common warning sign of cancer related to unexplained bleeding or discharge?

Blood in the stool (A) Signup and view all the answers

What can an unexplained weight loss of 10 pounds indicate?

Unexplained weight loss of 10 pounds (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is related to long-term constipation and urinary pain?

Changes in bowel or bladder habits (D) Signup and view all the answers

What radiological imaging feature is associated with an increased risk of fracture through metastases in long bones?

Circumferential Cortical Involvement (CCI) > 40% (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature of lesions that may lead to surgical fixation according to Nguyen et al. (2021)?

Circumferential Cortical Involvement (CCI) > 30% (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which study reviewed current and new decision-making tools for prophylactic surgery in cases of long bone metastases?

Nguyen et al. 2021 (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of functional pain associated with femoral metastases?

Pain that is functional (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable aspect of the range of scores for assessing fractures through metastases in long bones?

Scores ranging from 4-12 (D) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of long bone metastases, what level of Axial Cortical Involvement (ACI) is considered significant for assessing fracture risk?

> 30 mm (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of involvement is more indicative of a higher risk of pathological fracture in femoral metastases?

> 50% Circumferential Cortical Involvement (CCI) (C) Signup and view all the answers