Leadership Theories and Styles Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the key argument against the Great Man theory of leadership?

  • Personality traits are irrelevant to leadership.
  • Leadership skills are not innate.
  • Leaders are shaped by their social environment. (correct)
  • Great leaders come from diverse backgrounds.

Which of the following describes the focus of Trait Theory in leadership studies?

  • Situational factors that determine leadership success.
  • Shared behavioral patterns among successful leaders. (correct)
  • The impact of social conditions on leader effectiveness.
  • The evolution of leadership styles over time.

Which statement about the core traits identified in leadership studies is true?

  • They vary significantly among all leaders.
  • They are merely indications of potential leadership ability. (correct)
  • They guarantee success as a leader.
  • They can be easily learned by anyone.

What does Trait Theory suggest about the measurement of traits in individuals?

<p>Some traits are visible while others require inference. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a primary focus of early 20th-century leadership studies?

<p>Identifying traits unique to great leaders. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which leadership style combines a low concern for both people and production?

<p>The Indifferent or Impoverished (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of the Country Club/Accommodating leadership style on the organization?

<p>Low productivity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which leadership style is characterized by high concern for production and low concern for people?

<p>The Authority Compliance Dictatorial (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The main goal of the Indifferent or Impoverished leadership style is to:

<p>Preserve employment and seniority (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the Authority Compliance Dictatorial style have on employees?

<p>Feelings of unimportance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technique do managers using the Authority Compliance Dictatorial style commonly employ?

<p>Control and dominance through rules (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant impact on employees from the Indifferent or Impoverished leadership style?

<p>High degree of dissatisfaction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following styles would most likely result in high employee turnover?

<p>The Indifferent or Impoverished (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major limitation of trait theory in leadership?

<p>It includes only physical traits like height and weight. (B), It overlooks situational factors in leadership effectiveness. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is measured by the Leadership Trait Questionnaire (LTQ)?

<p>Articulate communication skills (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who should complete the Leadership Trait Questionnaire?

<p>The leader and five people familiar with the leader (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Managerial Grid model primarily focus on?

<p>Styles of managerial behavior (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the degree of agreement measured in the LTQ?

<p>Using a five-point Likert scale (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following traits is NOT included in the LTQ?

<p>Aggressive (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of leadership does the term 'trustworthy' imply in the LTQ?

<p>Being authentic and inspiring confidence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant change observed in the Managerial Grid model over the years?

<p>It has been refined and revised multiple times. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the middle-of-the-road management style?

<p>Average performance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact does sound or team management typically have on employees?

<p>Creates a high cohesive team (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the Pygmalion Theory suggest a leader's expectations can have?

<p>Self-fulfilling prophecy on employee performance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is commonly observed in organizations under the sound management style?

<p>Attraction of highly skilled employees (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the impact of the middle of the road management style on employees?

<p>Employees experience harmonious relationships (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant organizational impact of employees functioning under the Pygmalion Theory?

<p>Increased overall productivity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which management style is characterized by a compromise between company goals and employee needs?

<p>Middle of the road management (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What overall impact does a sound or team management style have on the organization?

<p>Efficient organizational performance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Great Man Theory primarily suggest about leaders?

<p>Great leaders are born, not made. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who had a significant influence on the Great Man Theory through his writings in the 1840s?

<p>Thomas Carlyle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic commonly associated with the Great Man Theory?

<p>Leadership acquired through education. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What criticism did Hebert Spencer advance against the Great Man Theory?

<p>Histories of the world focus too much on individuals. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The phrase 'great leaders are born, and not made' encapsulates which leadership theory?

<p>Great Man Theory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the 19th-century context influence the Great Man Theory?

<p>It popularized the belief in natural leaders due to historical figures. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which historical leaders are often associated with the Great Man Theory?

<p>Alexander the Great and Julius Caesar. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a main proposition of the Great Man Theory regarding leadership roles?

<p>Only certain individuals are inherently destined to lead. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary outcome of the Golem Effect on an individual's performance?

<p>Poorer performance linked to lower expectations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which leadership behavior is NOT typically associated with the Golem Effect?

<p>Providing constant praise and encouragement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What negative consequence is associated with the Golem Effect?

<p>Lower productivity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the Golem Effect?

<p>It occurs due to low expectations resulting in subpar performance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Golem Effect is primarily studied in which environments?

<p>Educational and organizational environments (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a potential effect of the Golem Effect on employees?

<p>Increasing self-confidence in their abilities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of managers who contribute to the Golem Effect?

<p>Monitoring operational performance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In contrast to the Golem Effect, which phenomenon describes improved performance due to high expectations?

<p>Pygmalion Effect (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Great Man Theory

A theory asserting that great leaders are born with innate qualities and cannot be made.

Great Man Theory

A theory that suggests the capacity for leadership is innate and can't be developed.

Great Man Theory

A theory emphasizing the inherent traits of exceptional individuals that make them naturally capable of leadership.

Great Man Theory

A theory arguing that leadership is an inherent quality, not something one can learn or acquire.

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Great Man Theory

The concept that leadership is a result of specific traits or qualities individuals are born with.

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Great Man Theory

A theory proposing that leadership is a natural attribute, not something developed or taught to someone.

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Great Man Theory

A theory that emphasizes the existence of innate qualities or characteristics that define great leadership.

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Great Man Theory

A theory that suggests the ability to lead is innate and not acquired through experience or training.

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Trait Theory

A theory that identifies specific features or characteristics that are believed to be common among successful leaders.

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Traits

Recurring patterns of behavior that define a person's personality.

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Leadership Traits

The study of leadership focuses on identifying the innate qualities and characteristics that great leaders possess.

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Core Traits

A group of core traits that have been identified in successful leaders through research.

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Leadership Trait Questionnaire (LTQ)

The Leadership Trait Questionnaire (LTQ) measures leadership by assessing 14 personal characteristics of an individual, including communication, self-confidence, persistence, and empathy.

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Managerial (Leadership) Grid

A model that evaluates leadership effectiveness based on two dimensions: Concern for People and Concern for Production.

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Team Management Style

This leadership style emphasizes high concern for both people and production, resulting in a collaborative and productive work environment.

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Produce or Perish Style

This leadership style prioritizes production over people, demonstrating a high concern for results and tasks, but less concern for individual needs and relationships.

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Country Club Management Style

This leadership style emphasizes a high concern for people and relationships, but a low concern for production.

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Impoverished Management Style

This leadership style demonstrates a low concern for both people and production, leading to minimal effort, low morale, and minimal output.

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Indifferent or Impoverished Leadership (1,1)

A leadership style characterized by low concern for both production and people. These leaders prioritize self-preservation and avoiding negative attention, often leading to low productivity and dissatisfaction within the team.

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Country Club or Accommodating Leadership (1,9)

A leadership style that prioritizes the comfort and happiness of employees over production. This style can lead to a harmonious work environment but may sacrifice efficiency and productivity.

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Authority Compliance or Dictatorial Leadership (9,1)

A leadership style that emphasizes strict control and dominance, prioritizing production and achieving goals over employee needs. This style can lead to high productivity but might result in a lack of employee motivation and job satisfaction.

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Team Leadership (9,9)

A leadership style characterized by a balanced concern for both production and people. These leaders strive to create a productive and harmonious work environment, fostering both high performance and employee satisfaction.

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Produce or Perish Leadership (9,1)

A leadership style that prioritizes efficiency and productivity, focusing on achieving targets with minimal concern for employee needs. This style can lead to high performance but might result in a lack of employee engagement and loyalty.

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Middle of the Road Leadership (5,5)

A leadership style characterized by a moderate concern for both production and people. These leaders strive to find a balance between achieving efficiency and fostering a reasonable level of employee satisfaction.

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Sound Leadership (5,5)

A leadership style that combines a strong concern for production with a focus on building relationships and trust with employees. These leaders create a work environment where employees feel valued and empowered to achieve high performance.

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Middle of the Road Management

This management style focuses on maintaining a balance between meeting organizational goals and addressing employee needs, resulting in moderate levels of both production and employee satisfaction.

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Sound or Team Management

This management approach emphasizes both high production and high employee satisfaction, fostering teamwork, commitment, and a strong sense of belonging within the organization.

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Pygmalion Theory

A phenomenon where a leader's expectations about an employee's performance can influence that performance.

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Produce or Perish Management

This management style prioritizes production goals over employee needs, leading to high productivity, but potentially low morale and high employee turnover.

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Country Club Management

This management style prioritizes employee needs and well-being over productivity goals, resulting in high morale but potentially low performance.

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Impoverished Management

This management style is characterized by a lack of attention to both production goals and employee needs, leading to low performance and low morale.

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Middle of the Road Management

This management style prioritizes creating a comfortable work environment and maintaining harmony among employees, but may not effectively challenge or motivate them to achieve peak performance.

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Sound Management

This management style emphasizes the importance of both tasks and human relationships. It fosters a work environment where employees feel appreciated, supported, and empowered to contribute their best.

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Golem Effect

A psychological phenomenon where low expectations from supervisors or oneself lead to poorer performance.

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How does the Golem Effect manifest?

Managers may set explicit targets, assign routine tasks, and focus on operations instead of strategy.

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What are some negative consequences of the Golem Effect?

Reduced self-confidence, distrust in peers and superiors, discouraged responsibility, and lower productivity.

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What's the worst-case scenario for the Golem Effect?

Employees may leave their positions or companies, ending a problematic situation.

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Managerial Grid

A model that evaluates leadership effectiveness based on concern for people and production.

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Pygmalion Effect

High expectations from leaders can lead to improved employee performance.

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Study Notes

Leadership Theories

  • Leadership theories explain how individuals become effective leaders.
  • Great Man Theory suggests innate leadership traits—leaders are born, not made.
  • Trait Theory identifies characteristics believed to make leaders successful.
  • Managerial Grid outlines leadership styles based on concern for production and people, emphasizing balance.
  • Pygmalion Effect explains how high leader expectations improve employee performance.
  • Golem Effect shows how low expectations lead to poorer employee performance.

Great Man Theory

  • The core tenet is that great leaders are born, not made.
  • The capacity for leadership is inherent.
  • The term "Great Man" was used because, in the past, leadership was primarily viewed as a male quality, especially in military contexts.
  • This theory emerged during the 19th century.
  • Historical figures such as Abraham Lincoln and Julius Caesar were cited as examples.
  • Thomas Carlyle, a sociologist in the 1840s, had a major influence on this theory. He argued history is about the biographies of great men.
  • Effective leaders are believed to be gifted with divine inspiration and the right characteristics.
  • Leaders were believed to possess the traits that set them apart from others, and responsible for their power positions.
  • Fewer opportunities for individuals from lower social statuses to practice leadership was a major factor behind this theory.

Criticisms of Great Man Theory

  • Herbert Spencer, a sociologist in the 1860s, criticized this theory, arguing that leaders are products of their society.
  • Leader actions depend on pre-existing societal conditions.
  • Studying big personalities of a conflict (like the Second World War) doesn't sufficiently explain leadership without understanding the broader context.

Trait Theory

  • This theory emerged in the early 20th century to study qualities of great leaders.
  • Scholars aimed to identify innate characteristics of great social, political, and military leaders.
  • Traits are recurring regularities or trends in behavior.
  • The belief was that great leaders are born with specific traits and that only outstanding individuals possess them.
  • Qualities like self-confidence, intelligence, and decisiveness were associated with leadership.
  • The studies focussed on a set of personal characteristics and traits that define a great leader.
  • Various researchers identified different sets of traits linked to effective leadership, making generalization difficult.

Traits Associated with Leadership (from various studies)

  • Physiological: Appearance, height, weight
  • Demographic: Age, education, socioeconomic background
  • Personality/Persona: Self-confidence, aggressiveness
  • Intellective: Intelligence, decisiveness, judgment, knowledge
  • Task-related: Achievement drive, initiative, persistence
  • Social characteristics: Affability, cooperativeness

Criticisms of Trait Theory

  • The list of leadership traits often appeared endless and lacked universality.
  • Traits were not consistently linked to leadership across different situations.
  • Traits were strongly associated with individual perceptions of leadership, not necessarily leading to actual leadership effectiveness.
  • The approach wasn't connected to leadership outcomes.

Managerial(Leadership) Grid

  • A leadership style model from the early 1960s, refined over time.
  • Widely used for organizational training and development.
  • Based on two key factors: concern for production and concern for people.
  • The grid proposes five distinct leadership styles with varying degrees of concern for production and people.

Styles of the Managerial Grid

  • 1,1 (Impoverished): Minimal concern for both people and production - priority on job security.
  • 1,9 (Country Club): High concern for people, low concern for production.
  • 9,1 (Authority-Compliance): High concern for production, low concern for people with tight control and pressure.
  • 5,5 (Middle-of-the-Road): Attempts to balance concern for production and people.
  • 9,9 (Team Management): High concern for both people and production; promotes teamwork and employee commitment.

Pygmalion Effect

  • A psychological phenomenon involving a self-fulfilling prophecy.
  • High leader expectations of employee performance positively influence employee performance.
  • A leader's positive expectations can produce improved team outcomes.

Golem Effect

  • A psychological phenomenon where low expectations lead to subpar performance.
  • Occurs in workplaces, educational settings, and other environments where there's a difference between a leader and the led.
  • Managers may believe that certain employees lack the skills or abilities for success, negatively influencing employee performance.
  • Lowers employee self-confidence, discourages responsibility and innovative problem-solving.

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Lecture 2 Theories of Leadership N. PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on various leadership theories, including Trait Theory and the Great Man theory. This quiz explores the characteristics, effectiveness, and consequences of different leadership styles. Assess your understanding of the fundamental principles guiding leadership studies.

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