Podcast
Questions and Answers
What does Trait Theory primarily focus on in relation to leadership?
What does Trait Theory primarily focus on in relation to leadership?
According to the Trait Theory, how are traits defined?
According to the Trait Theory, how are traits defined?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the core traits identified for successful leaders?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the core traits identified for successful leaders?
What does the Great Man theory emphasize in the study of leadership?
What does the Great Man theory emphasize in the study of leadership?
Signup and view all the answers
In Leadership studies, how are behaviors inferred according to Trait theory?
In Leadership studies, how are behaviors inferred according to Trait theory?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary outcome of the Golem Effect on individual performance?
What is the primary outcome of the Golem Effect on individual performance?
Signup and view all the answers
Which managerial behavior is most likely to contribute to the Golem Effect?
Which managerial behavior is most likely to contribute to the Golem Effect?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a consequence of the Golem Effect?
Which of the following is NOT a consequence of the Golem Effect?
Signup and view all the answers
In which environments is the Golem Effect most commonly observed?
In which environments is the Golem Effect most commonly observed?
Signup and view all the answers
How might the Golem Effect ultimately influence an employee's career decision?
How might the Golem Effect ultimately influence an employee's career decision?
Signup and view all the answers
Which trait is NOT categorized under personality and persona in the context of leadership traits?
Which trait is NOT categorized under personality and persona in the context of leadership traits?
Signup and view all the answers
According to Stogdill's studies, which of the following traits is included in his list for leadership effectiveness?
According to Stogdill's studies, which of the following traits is included in his list for leadership effectiveness?
Signup and view all the answers
What trait is commonly emphasized across multiple studies, such as those by Kirkpatrick and Locke?
What trait is commonly emphasized across multiple studies, such as those by Kirkpatrick and Locke?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT identified as a social characteristic linked to leadership?
Which of the following is NOT identified as a social characteristic linked to leadership?
Signup and view all the answers
Which characteristic from Zaccaro, Kemp, and Bader's study does NOT correlate with basic cognitive abilities of leaders?
Which characteristic from Zaccaro, Kemp, and Bader's study does NOT correlate with basic cognitive abilities of leaders?
Signup and view all the answers
In which study is 'Dominance' mentioned as a significant leadership trait?
In which study is 'Dominance' mentioned as a significant leadership trait?
Signup and view all the answers
What common belief is associated with the trait of self-confidence in leadership contexts?
What common belief is associated with the trait of self-confidence in leadership contexts?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following traits is exclusively classified as 'task-related'?
Which of the following traits is exclusively classified as 'task-related'?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the core belief of the Great Man Theory of leadership?
What is the core belief of the Great Man Theory of leadership?
Signup and view all the answers
Which historical figure is NOT associated with the Great Man Theory as an example of leadership?
Which historical figure is NOT associated with the Great Man Theory as an example of leadership?
Signup and view all the answers
Who had a significant impact on the Great Man Theory through their writings in the 1840s?
Who had a significant impact on the Great Man Theory through their writings in the 1840s?
Signup and view all the answers
What criticism did Hebert Spencer offer regarding the Great Man Theory?
What criticism did Hebert Spencer offer regarding the Great Man Theory?
Signup and view all the answers
In what context did the term 'Great Man' originally arise?
In what context did the term 'Great Man' originally arise?
Signup and view all the answers
What implication did the Great Man Theory have on social status during its development?
What implication did the Great Man Theory have on social status during its development?
Signup and view all the answers
What aspect of leadership does the Great Man Theory emphasize?
What aspect of leadership does the Great Man Theory emphasize?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the term 'Pygmalion Effect' refer to in contrast to the Great Man Theory?
What does the term 'Pygmalion Effect' refer to in contrast to the Great Man Theory?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a primary characteristic of the Middle of the Road Management style (5,5)?
What is a primary characteristic of the Middle of the Road Management style (5,5)?
Signup and view all the answers
What impact does the Sound or Team Management style (9,9) have on employee turnover?
What impact does the Sound or Team Management style (9,9) have on employee turnover?
Signup and view all the answers
How does the Pygmalion Theory influence employee performance?
How does the Pygmalion Theory influence employee performance?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a likely outcome of a management style that leads to high conflict within groups?
What is a likely outcome of a management style that leads to high conflict within groups?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT an impact of the Middle of the Road Management style (5,5)?
Which of the following is NOT an impact of the Middle of the Road Management style (5,5)?
Signup and view all the answers
What effect does positive expectation from a leader have according to the Pygmalion Theory?
What effect does positive expectation from a leader have according to the Pygmalion Theory?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the employee experience in organizations characterized by the Sound or Team Management style?
What is the employee experience in organizations characterized by the Sound or Team Management style?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a primary disadvantage of the Middle of the Road Management approach?
What is a primary disadvantage of the Middle of the Road Management approach?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary advantage of the Country Club/Accommodating leadership style?
What is the primary advantage of the Country Club/Accommodating leadership style?
Signup and view all the answers
Which leadership style is characterized by minimal concern for both people and production?
Which leadership style is characterized by minimal concern for both people and production?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a consequence of the Authority Compliance Dictatorial leadership style on employees?
What is a consequence of the Authority Compliance Dictatorial leadership style on employees?
Signup and view all the answers
How does the Indifferent or Impoverished leadership style impact the organization?
How does the Indifferent or Impoverished leadership style impact the organization?
Signup and view all the answers
What primary factor distinguishes the Managerial Grid's five behavioral styles?
What primary factor distinguishes the Managerial Grid's five behavioral styles?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the result of employees experiencing a high degree of dissatisfaction under the Indifferent or Impoverished leadership style?
What is the result of employees experiencing a high degree of dissatisfaction under the Indifferent or Impoverished leadership style?
Signup and view all the answers
Which leadership style is likely to achieve the best team harmony, despite low productivity?
Which leadership style is likely to achieve the best team harmony, despite low productivity?
Signup and view all the answers
What is one of the primary characteristics of the Authority Compliance Dictatorial style?
What is one of the primary characteristics of the Authority Compliance Dictatorial style?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Leadership Theories
- Leadership theories are assumptions, propositions, or accepted facts
- They explain cause-and-effect relationships among observed phenomena
- The word "theory" originates from the Greek word "thorós", meaning spectator, and emphasizes a fact
- Theories are mental models (images, beliefs, ideas) and verbal descriptions formed from experiences that guide thoughts and actions
Great Man Theory
- The core principle is "Great leaders are born, not made"
- It suggests leadership capacity is innate, meaning a person is either a natural leader or not
- The term "Great Man" was used because leadership was historically perceived as a male quality, especially in military contexts
- This theory gained popularity in the 19th century
- Famous historical figures (e.g., Lincoln, Caesar, Gandhi) contributed to the notion of innate leadership qualities
- Leaders emerged seemingly mysteriously, taking control and leading groups to success (e.g., Tackie Komey, Yaa Asantewa, Nkrumah)
- Thomas Carlyle, influential in the 1840s, believed history revolves around the lives of great men, highlighting the importance of innate qualities in leadership
- It was believed great men possess special traits that distinguish them
Criticisms of Great Man Theory
- Herbert Spencer, a sociologist from the 1860s, argued that great leaders are products of their societies, making their actions dependent on pre-existing social conditions
- A follower of this theory may focus on famous figures when analysing historical events (e.g., the Second World War)
- Critics point out great leaders were shaped by circumstances that predated their lives
Trait Theory
- In the early 20th century, studies focused on specific leadership traits exhibited by great social, political, and military leaders
- Traits were viewed as inherent qualities
- It was initially believed people are born with certain traits, and only "great" people possess these traits
- The goal of trait theory was to identify shared traits among leaders
- Leadership studies focused on discernible personal characteristics
- Traits are recurring regularities in a person's behaviour
- Traits influence behaviour
- Some traits are not visible but can be inferred from consistent patterns of behaviour and measured by personality inventories
- Core traits of successful leaders were identified through research
- These traits act as preconditions for leadership potential and are not necessarily indicators of the ability to be a leader
Traits Associated with Leadership Emergence and Leadership Effectiveness
- Physiological: Appearance, height, weight
- Demographic: Age, education, socioeconomic background
- Personality/Persona: Self-confidence, aggressiveness
- Intellective: Intelligence, decisiveness, judgment, knowledge
- Task-related: Achievement drive, initiative, persistence
- Social characteristics: Affability, cooperativeness
Studies of Leadership Traits: Various Researchers and Their Findings
- Stogdill (1948): intelligence, alertness, insight, responsibility, persistence, initiative, self-confidence, and sociability
- Mann (1959): intelligence, masculinity, adjustment, dominance, extraversion, and conservatism
- Stogdill (1974): achievement, persistence, insight, initiative, self-confidence, responsibility, cooperativeness, tolerance, influence, and sociability
- Lord, DeVader, and Alliger (1986): intelligence, masculinity, and dominance
- Kirkpatrick and Locke (1991): drive, motivation, integrity, confidence, cognitive ability, and task knowledge
- Zaccaro, Kemp, and Bader (2004): cognitive abilities, extraversion, conscientiousness, emotional stability, openness, agreeableness, motivation, social intelligence, self-monitoring, and problem-solving
- These researchers identified and elaborated on different traits, with some recurring traits and additional attributes
Criticisms of Trait Theory
- Some scholars questioned the universality of leadership traits, suggesting that no consistent set of traits could reliably differentiate leaders from non-leaders across all situations
- Traits were reported to be strongly associated with individual perceptions of leadership behavior
- Effective leaders are sometimes viewed as unique in their traits.
- The list of traits appears endless
- Traits were often considered in isolation without context, making it too simplistic
- The criteria were based on subjective interpretations from experience, and author observation
- The model failed to investigate traits in connection with leadership outcomes
- Scholars challenged the universal traits by suggesting that no consistent set of them reliably distinguish leaders from non-leaders in different situations
Limitations of Trait Theory
- It tries to relate physical traits (height, weight) to leadership effectiveness
- Many traits are strongly associated with situational factors (e.g., military leadership may require certain physical attributes)
- This theory doesn't address the issue of how people with leadership qualities don't always achieve leadership roles
- The scope of traits identified is large and varied, making it hard to generalize
Leadership Trait Questionnaire (LTQ)
- LTQ aims to measure personality characteristics related to leadership
- Participants (leaders and people familiar with the leader) should complete the questionnaire
- The LTQ offers a structured means to assess leadership traits
Managerial (Leadership) Grid
- A leadership model that combines concern for production with concern for people
- Presented five behavioral styles: 1,1 Impoverished (low concern for both), 9,1 Authority-Compliance (high concern for production, low concern for people), 1,9 Country Club (low concern for production, high concern for people), 5,5 Middle of the Road (balanced concern for both), 9,9 Team (high concern for both)
- Extensively used in organizational training and development
Detailed Descriptions of Managerial Grid Styles:
- (1, 1) Impoverished Management: Leaders have minimal concern for both people and production, prioritizing their employment stability
- (9, 1) Authority-Compliance: Leaders excel at efficiency, control and dominance, with low concern for followers.
- (1, 9) Country Club Management: Managers focus on employee happiness and comfort, sometimes at the expense of productivity
- (5, 5) Middle of the Road Management: Balanced approach that balances production and people concerns
- (9, 9) Team Management: Leaders emphasize commitment, teamwork, and employee involvement
Pygmalion Effect
- A self-fulfilling prophecy where expectations influence outcomes
- When leaders have higher expectations of employees, those employees are more likely to perform well
- A leader's positive expectations can result in a better team performance
The Golem Effect
- The opposite of the Pygmalion effect
- Lower expectations can result in lower employee performance
- Leaders who believe certain employees lack skills can result in them performing worse because their performance or approach is negatively impacted
- This may manifest as managers setting explicit targets, assigning routine tasks, monitoring employees too closely, focusing on operational aspects rather than strategic goals
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Test your understanding of Trait Theory and the Golem Effect in leadership. This quiz covers key concepts, definitions, and implications for individual performance and career decisions. Challenge yourself with questions about successful leadership traits and their effects on behavior in various environments.
