Leadership and Power Types
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary definition of a leader in the context of management?

  • Someone who emerges as an informal leader
  • Someone who can influence others and has managerial authority (correct)
  • Someone who has no managerial authority
  • Someone who has no influence over others

    • What is leadership according to the text?

  • The action of a manager
  • The process of influencing a group to achieve goals (correct)
  • The informal emergence of a leader
  • The personal characteristics of a leader

    • What was the focus of research in the 1920s and 1930s on leadership?

  • Identifying the traits of successful leaders
  • Identifying the leadership process
  • Identifying the role of informal leaders
  • Identifying personal characteristics that differentiate leaders from non-leaders (correct)

    • How many traits are associated with successful leadership?

    <p>8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two dimensions of leader behavior identified by the Ohio State Studies?

    <p>Initiating structure and consideration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is initiating structure according to the Ohio State Studies?

    <p>The role of the leader in defining his or her role and the roles of group members</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is consideration according to the Ohio State Studies?

    <p>The leader's mutual trust and respect for group members' ideas and feelings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the names of the studies mentioned in the text that researched leadership?

    <p>University of Iowa Studies, Ohio State Studies, University of Michigan Studies, and Managerial Grid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Fiedler contingency model propose?

    <p>That effective group performance depends on the proper match between the leader's style and the situation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a low LPC score indicate in the Fiedler contingency model?

    <p>That the leader is task-oriented</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the leader according to the Path-Goal theory?

    <p>To assist followers in achieving their goals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of leadership behavior is characterized by consulting with followers and considering their input in decision making?

    <p>Participative leadership</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three situational factors that influence leadership style according to the Fiedler contingency model?

    <p>Leader-member relations, task structure, and position power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of leadership behavior is characterized by implementing guidelines and setting definite performance standards?

    <p>Directive leadership</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do leaders do according to the Path-Goal theory?

    <p>They provide direction or support to ensure followers' goals are compatible with organizational goals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of leadership behavior is characterized by friendliness and concern for the welfare of others?

    <p>Supportive leadership</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of high-high leaders?

    <p>They generally achieve high group task performance and satisfaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of employee-oriented leaders?

    <p>Personal relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of democratic leaders?

    <p>High participation and involvement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a finding of the University of Iowa Studies?

    <p>No specific leadership style is consistently better for producing better performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a benefit of having a democratic leader?

    <p>Higher productivity and higher job satisfaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of achievement-oriented leadership?

    <p>Setting clear goals and expectations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of laissez-faire leaders?

    <p>Hands-off management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the power of a leader that arises because of a person's desirable resources or admired personal traits?

    <p>Referent power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of leader clarifies role and task requirements to guide followers towards established goals?

    <p>Transactional leader</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of production-oriented leaders?

    <p>Task accomplishment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the power to give positive benefits or rewards?

    <p>Reward power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of transactional leadership theory?

    <p>A straightforward exchange relationship between leaders and followers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the model that illustrates the relationship between leadership styles and performance?

    <p>The Managerial Grid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leadership style do women tend to adopt?

    <p>Democratic or participative style</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a leader's influence based on their expertise and knowledge?

    <p>Expert power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of leadership do men tend to use?

    <p>Transactional leadership</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is inspirational motivation in the context of transformational leadership?

    <p>Promoting commitment to a shared vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the traditional dominant leadership prototype in Arab culture?

    <p>Male figure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a leader's charisma in transformational leadership?

    <p>Gains admiration, trust, and respect from followers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of individuals are more likely to be successful with leader training?

    <p>High self-monitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a leader's power based on their position or title?

    <p>Legitimate power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of individualized consideration in transformational leadership?

    <p>Creating mutual respect and trust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the power a leader has to punish or control?

    <p>Coercive power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the power that arises from a person's expertise, skills, or knowledge?

    <p>Expert power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Who Are Leaders and What Is Leadership

    • A leader is someone who can influence others and has managerial authority.
    • Leadership is the process of influencing a group to achieve goals.

    Trait Theories

    • Research in the 1920s and 1930s focused on identifying personal characteristics that differentiate leaders from non-leaders.
    • Eight traits associated with successful leadership:
      • Drive, the desire to lead
      • Honesty and integrity
      • Self-confidence
      • Intelligence
      • Job-relevant knowledge
      • Extraversion
      • Proneness to guilt

    Behavioral Theories

    • University of Iowa Studies identified three leadership styles:
      • Autocratic style: centralized authority, low participation
      • Democratic style: involvement, high participation, feedback
      • Laissez-faire style: hands-off management
    • Ohio State Studies identified two dimensions of leader behavior:
      • Initiating structure: defining roles and responsibilities
      • Consideration: mutual trust and respect for group members' ideas and feelings
    • University of Michigan Studies identified two dimensions of leader behavior:
      • Employee-oriented: emphasizing personal relationships
      • Production-oriented: emphasizing task accomplishment

    The Fiedler Model

    • Proposes that effective group performance depends on the proper match between the leader's style and the degree of situational control.
    • Least Preferred Co-worker (LPC) scale:
      • Low LPC: task-oriented
      • High LPC: relationship-oriented
    • Situational factors in matching leader to situation:
      • Leader-member relations
      • Task structure
      • Position power

    Path-Goal Theory

    • The leader's job is to assist followers in attaining their goals and providing direction or support to ensure compatibility with organizational goals.
    • Leaders assume different leadership styles depending on the situation:
      • Directive leadership: implementing guidelines and setting performance standards
      • Supportive leadership: friendliness and concern for followers' welfare
      • Participative leadership: consulting with followers and considering their input
      • Achievement-oriented leadership: setting challenging goals and showing trust in followers' abilities

    Transactional-Transformational Leadership

    • Transactional leader: guides or motivates followers in the direction of established goals by clarifying role and task requirements.
    • Transformational leader: inspires followers to transcend their self-interests for the good of the organization.
    • Charismatic leader: enthusiastic and self-confident, influencing people to behave in certain ways.

    Managing Power

    • Legitimate power: power a leader has as a result of their position.
    • Expert power: influence a leader can exert as a result of their expertise, skills, or knowledge.
    • Coercive power: power a leader has to punish or control.
    • Reward power: power to give positive benefits or rewards.
    • Referent power: power that arises because of a person's desirable resources or admired personal traits.

    Understanding Gender Differences and Leadership

    • Men and women use different leadership styles.
    • Women tend to adopt a more democratic or participative style, unless in a male-dominated job.
    • Women tend to use transformational leadership, while men tend to use transactional leadership.

    Gender Differences in Leadership in the Arab World

    • Leadership positions in the Arab world have traditionally been monopolized by men.
    • The dominant leadership prototype in Arab culture is a male figure.
    • However, many prominent women leaders have reached top decision-making positions.

    Becoming an Effective Leader

    • Leader training is more likely to be successful with individuals who are high self-monitors than with low self-monitors.

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    Description

    Discover the different types of power a leader can possess, including coercive, reward, and referent power. Learn how these powers are exercised and their effects on leadership.

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