Leadership and Management

Developing Pride Within Subunits

• Set challenging group goals to encourage team members to work together.
• Encourage group identity to create a sense of belonging and teamwork.
• Avoid formation of social cliques to maintain unity and prevent conflicts.
• Avoid excessive turnover to maintain consistency and stability within the team.
• Conduct periodic team meetings to discuss goals, progress, and challenges.
• Enhance team efficacy by fostering a positive and supportive team environment.

Leadership

• Leadership is the process of influencing a group to achieve a common goal.
• Managers are concerned with planning, organizing, scheduling, budgeting, staffing, and recruiting.
• There are four approaches to studying leadership: trait, behavioral, situational, and interactional.

Approaches to Studying Leadership

• Trait Approach: focuses on stable personality dispositions, such as intelligence, assertiveness, independence, and self-confidence.
• Behavioral Approach: argues that anyone can become a leader by learning the behaviors of other effective leaders.
• Situational Approach: depends on the characteristics of the situation rather than the traits and behaviors of the leaders.
• Interactional Approach: emphasizes personal factors and considers the interaction between people and their situational constraints.

Sport-Oriented Interactional Approaches to Leadership

• Cognitive-Mediational Model of Leadership: considers the cognitive processes that occur between the leader and teammates.
• Multidimensional Model of Sport Leadership: includes required leader behavior, actual leader behavior, and preferred leader behavior.

Multidimensional Model of Sport Leadership

• Required Leader Behavior: the organizational system dictates behaviors and people are expected to conform to established norms.
• Actual Leader Behavior: the behavior exhibited by the leader, such as initiating structure or being considerate.
• Preferred Leader Behavior: group members have preferences for specific leader behaviors, influenced by personality variables, age, sex, and experience.

Leadership in the Pursuit of Excellence

• Effective leadership is essential in achieving excellence in various fields, including sport, business, arts, and government.

Research on the Multidimensional Model of Sport Leadership

• Leadership Scale for Sports: measures leadership behaviors, including athletes' preferences for specific behaviors, athletes' perceptions of their coaches' behaviors, and coaches' perceptions of their own behaviors.

Training and Leadership Styles

• Training (instructional behaviors): coaches provide instruction and guidance to athletes.
• Autocratic Behavior (decision-making style): the leader makes decisions without input from others.
• Autocratic-Consultative Style: the leader obtains necessary information before making a decision.
• Consultative-Individual Style: the leader consults players individually and then makes a decision.
• Consultative-Group Style: the leader consults the players as a group and makes a decision.
• Group Style: the leader shares the problem with the players and seeks their input.

Antecedents of Leadership

• Age and Maturity: age and maturity can influence leadership styles and behaviors.
• Sex: gender can influence leadership styles and behaviors.
• Nationality: cultural background can influence leadership styles and behaviors.
• Type of Sport: the type of sport can influence leadership styles and behaviors.

Four Components of Effective Leadership

• Leader's Qualities: the leader's personality, skills, and abilities.
• Leadership Styles: the leader's approach to decision-making and communication.
• Situational Factors: the environment and context in which the leader operates.
• Follower's Qualities: the characteristics, skills, and abilities of the team members.

Types of Communication

• Interpersonal Communication: involves at least two people and a meaningful exchange.
• Intrapersonal Communication: (self-talk) is the communication we have with ourselves.

Sending Messages Effectively

• Verbal Messages: should be sent clearly and received and interpreted correctly.
• Nonverbal Messages: include physical appearance, posture, gestures, and body positions.

Perfectionism

• Perfectionism: is a personality style characterized by setting extremely high standards, striving for flawlessness, and being overly critical in evaluating one's performance.

Measuring Personality

• Trait and State Measures: measure personality traits and current states.
• Situation-Specific Measures: predict behavior more reliably for given situations, considering both personality and situation.
• Sport-Specific Measures: questions directly relate to sport or physical activity.

Dos and Don'ts in Personality Testing

• Do: inform participants, use qualified individuals, integrate test results, use sport-specific tests, and use both state and trait measures.
• Don't: avoid using tests without proper understanding and context.