LEA 3: Industrial Security Concept Chapter 1

Introduction to Industrial Security Concept

• Security is defined as the use of measures to safeguard personnel, equipment, facilities, materials, and documents from espionage, sabotage, theft, and fraud.
• Security is important for everyone, including homeowners, parents, employees, online shoppers, private companies, and governments.
• The security of any business establishment today is a complex process involving active and passive measures to establish effective defense against crimes.

Types of Security

• Physical Security: The broadest branch of security, concerned with physical measures to prevent unauthorized access to equipment, facilities, materials, and documents.
• Communication Security: Protecting communication systems from unauthorized access or delay.
• Hotel Security: Protecting assets, guests, personal effects, and properties in hotels, inns, and similar establishments.
• Bank Security: Protecting cash, assets, personnel, and operations of a bank.
• Document Security: Protecting documents and classified papers from loss, access, damage, theft, or compromise.
• Personal Security: Protecting personnel, especially ranking officials, from harm, kidnap, or other acts.
• Crisis Security: Part of VIP security, involved in hostage and kidnapping situations.
• Industrial Security: Applied to business groups engaged in industries like manufacturing, assembling, research, and development.
• Operational Security: Protecting processes, formulas, patents, and industrial activities from espionage, infiltration, loss, or compromise.
• Supermarket Security: Applied in response to the growth of bazaars, marts, super malls, and similar establishments.
• School Security: Applied in response to violent crimes committed against students, school personnel, and school properties.
• Personnel Security: Involving background checks and measures to protect employees from harmful acts or conditions.

3 Major Aspects of Security

• Physical Security: Measures to prevent physical access or entry to an installation or area by unauthorized personnel.
• Personnel Security: Checking the background of individuals and protecting company personnel from potential harmful acts or conditions.
• Documentary/Information Security: Safeguarding company documents from unintentional harmful acts or unauthorized disclosure of information.

History of Security

• International Setting:
  • Historical roots of private security can be traced back to ancient times.
  • Protection of life and personal property was initially up to individuals, then tribes and cities.
• Philippine Setting:
  • Sovereign monarchs had servants who acted as watchmen or protectors.
  • Spanish colonial government introduced the Guardia Civil in the Philippines.
  • American colonial period saw the establishment of a national police force.
  • Indian nationals or Bombay pioneers served as watchmen for commercial establishments.

General Principles of Security

• Command Responsibility: Cannot be delegated, but security tasks can be assigned.
• Compartmentalization: Limiting access to information on a need-to-know basis.
• Balance between Security and Efficiency: Security prevails over efficiency.
• CIA Trial: Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability of information.

Current Trend in Security

• The police and private security are building partnerships to combat crime.
• Private security personnel are subordinate to the PNP in matters of law enforcement and crime prevention.
• The industry is evolving with advancements in technology, including biometrics, antivirus software, and CCTV.### Module 1: Protection of Life, Liberty, and Property
• The defense of the state affects the people, and citizens may be required by law to render personal military or civil services.
• The service of citizens is personal, and their life, liberty, freedom, and property can only be taken after the observance of due process of law.
• Due process of law has two aspects: substantive and procedural.
• Procedural due process involves hearing before condemnation, inquiry, and trial.
• The Constitution protects not only ownership but also possession, enjoyment, use, and disposition of private property.
• Private property shall not be taken for public use without just compensation.

Statutory Authority

• The Revised Penal Code (Act No. 3815, as amended) applies to crimes against persons, personal liberty, and security.
• The Private Security Agency Law (Republic Act 5487, as amended) governs the operation, administration, and activities of security agencies, and the qualification, duties, and licensing of security guards.

Hazards

• Hazards are conditions that may cause damage to property, injury, or loss of life.
• Security measures are implemented to prevent these hazards.

Module 3: Principles of Physical Security

• Enemy agents must access: the ultimate goal of physical security is to prevent unauthorized access to information.
• Surreptitious vs. non-surreptitious: surreptitious entry is a greater hazard because it is difficult to detect.
• There is no impenetrable barrier: physical security attempts to build defense by using multiple barriers.
• Each installation is different: security procedures must be tailored to the specific needs of each installation.
• Defense in depth: multiple barriers are used to prevent unauthorized access.

Types of Barriers

• Natural barriers: mountains, cliffs, canyons, seas, marshes, and desserts.
• Man-made barriers: walls, ceilings, doors, and fences.
• Human barriers: guards, watchmen, and private detectives.
• Animal barriers: trained dogs and geese.
• Energy barriers: electrical and electronic devices such as protected lighting, CCTV, and anti-intrusion devices.

Levels of Physical Security

• Minimum security: simple locks, fences, or perimeter barriers.
• Low-level security: upgrade of security measures, such as intrusion alarm systems.
• Medium-level security: use of advance intrusion alarm systems, perimeter barriers, and unarmed guards.
• High-level security: use of CCTV, perimeter alarm systems, high-security lighting, and highly trained armed guards.
• Maximum security: application of highly sensitive alarm systems and on-site response forces.

Perimeter Barriers

• A perimeter barrier is a medium or structure that defines the physical limits of an installation or area.
• Inside perimeter: a line of protection adjacent to the protected area.
• Outside perimeter: a line of protection surrounding the protected area.
• Line of physical defense: multiple layers of protection, including perimeter barriers, walls, doors, and internal control measures.

Protective Cabinets

• Safe: a metallic container used for safekeeping of documents or small items.
• Vault: a heavily constructed fire and burglary resistance container.
• File room: a cubicle in a building constructed for the safekeeping of records.

Perimeter Barrier Openings

• Gates and doors: must be locked and frequently inspected.
• Sidewalks and elevators: provide access to areas within the perimeter barrier.
• Utilities openings: must be protected by bars, grills, or structural means.
• Clear zones: an unobstructed area on both sides of the perimeter barrier.

Types of Perimeter Barriers

• Fences: independent structures designed to provide physical and visual access.
• Building walls: walls, floors, and roofs serve as barriers.
• Bodies of water: rivers, lakes, and seas can be used as natural perimeter barriers.

Additional Protective Barriers

• Top guard: an additional overhang or barbed wire placed on vertical perimeter fences.
• Guard control stations: provided at main perimeter and entrance to secure areas.
• Towers or guard towers: house-like structures above the perimeter barrier.

Module 4: Protective Lighting

• Protective lighting provides a means of continuous illumination during hours of darkness.
• Darkness is an ally of intruders.
• Types of protective lighting:
  • Continuous lighting: stationary luminary.
  • Glare projection type: focuses intensity on the intruder.
  • Controlled lighting: precisely focused lighting.
  • Standby lighting: reserve or standby lighting.
  • Movable or portable lighting: manually operated floodlights.
  • Emergency lighting: used in times of power failure.

Types of Lighting Sources

• Incandescent lamp: least expensive, provides instant illumination.
• Mercury vapor lamp: more efficient, used in exterior lighting.
• Metal halide: high luminous efficiency, better color rendition.
• Fluorescent: good color rendition, high lamp efficiency, long life.
• High-pressure sodium vapor lamp: high luminous efficiency, used in exterior lighting.

Types of Lighting Equipment

• Floodlights: used to accommodate most outdoor security lighting needs.
• Streetlights: reduces crime.
• Searchlights: highly focused, used to pinpoint trouble spots.
• Fresnel lights: wide beam units, used to extend illumination.

Module 5: Protective Alarms

• Protective alarms assist in detecting, impeding, or deterring potential security threats.
• Basic parts of an alarm system:
  • Sensor or trigger device.
  • Transmission line.
  • Annunciator/enunciator.
• Types of alarm systems:
  • Central station system: central station is located outside the installation.
  • Proprietary system: owned and operated by the facility.
  • Auxiliary alarm: circuits are led into local police or fire department.
  • Local alarm by chance system: no predictable response.
  • Dial alarm system: dials a predestined number when the alarm is activated.

Types of Alarms

• Vibration detection device: detects vibration caused by attempted forced entry.
• Metallic foil or wire: detects movement or disturbance.
• Bills traps: placed in cash drawers, activated when currency is removed.
• Double squeeze buttons: pressure required on both sides to activate.
• Laser beam alarm: detects disturbance of the beam.
• Foot rail activator: activated by placing foot on the activation bar.
• Photoelectric eye device: detects movement or disturbance.
• Audio detection device: detects sound caused by attempted forced entry.

Module 6: Protective Locks and Keys

• Locks: one of the most widely used physical security devices.
• Types of locks:
  • Locks.
  • Keys.
  • Electronic locks.
  • Biometric locks.
• Locksmithing: the practice of designing, installing, and repairing locks.### Locks and Keys
• Padlock: a portable and detachable lock with a sliding hasp that passes through a staple ring or the like and is then made fast or secured.
• Warded lock: offers very little security, used only for privacy, not for high security.
• Disc tumbler lock: designed for the automobile industry, used in car doors, easy and cheap to be expanded to other areas, provides approximately 10 minutes of delay.
• Level tumbler lock: difficult to define in terms of security, used in safe deposit boxes, and for all practical purposes, pick-proof.
• Combination lock: difficult to defeat, cannot be picked, few experts can manipulate the device to discover the combination.
• Card operated lock: electronically or magnetically operated, uses coded cards, frequently fitted with recording devices, which registers time of use and identity of the user.
• Code-operated lock: high security locking device, no key is used, opens by pressing a series of numbered buttons in the proper sequence.

Key Control

• Management of keys in a plant or business organization to prevent unauthorized individuals from accessing the keys.
• Types of keys:
  • Change key: operates a specific lock, has a particular combination of cuts or battings that match the tumblers in the lock.
  • Sub-master key: opens all locks within a particular area or grouping in a facility.
  • Master key: capable of opening a series of locks.
  • Grand master key: opens everything in a system involving two or more master key groups.

Personnel Security

• Purpose: ensure that a firm hires the best-suited employees, and to provide necessary security to them.
• Key functions:
  • Screening device in hiring suitable employees.
  • Provides background investigation services.
  • Develops security awareness among employees.
  • Handles investigation of employees.

Personnel Security Investigation (PSI)

• Process of inquiry into the character, reputation, discretion, integrity, morals, and loyalty of an individual to determine suitability for appointment or access to classified matter.
• Importance: approximately 5% of employees lie in their declared information, and approximately 85% to 87% of employees are considered a real threat to the company.

Techniques of Personnel Security Investigation

• Background investigation: serves as a verification of information.
• Positive vetting: process of inspecting or examination, conducted under stress.
• Profiling: predicts the subject's reaction in a future criminal situation.
• Read report: a form of employing examination to test the attitude of the applicant.
• Deception detection techniques: uses devices to detect deception during the stage.
• Financial and lifestyle inquiry: focuses on the investigation of gathered information regarding income and mode of living.
• Undercover investigation: employs an agent whose identity is unknown.
• Exit interview: provides an opportunity for the departing employee to express their grievances.

Security Investigation

• Planned and organized determination of facts concerning specific loss or damage of assets due to threats, hazards, or unsecured conditions.
• Types of security investigations:
  • Background check/investigation: includes pre-employment, during employment, lifestyle, and reliability checks.
  • Lifestyle (financial) investigation: inquiry about the life existence of the subject, conducted to establish a guide for estimating or determining the sources and amount of income available.
  • Claims investigation: gathers information to present facts to the company's insurer.
  • Employee misconduct investigation: determines if the company's rules and regulations are violated.
  • Espionage investigation: gathers, transmits, or loses information respecting national defense.
  • Sabotage investigation: destroys property or obstructs public service to undermine a government, police, or military effort.
  • Theft investigation: taking of personal property of another without consent, with intent to gain.