Le Chatelier's Principle

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Questions and Answers

For the reversible reaction $A(g) + B(g) ightleftharpoons 2C(g)$, increasing the total pressure by adding an inert gas at constant volume will:

  • Have no effect on the equilibrium position. (correct)
  • Change the value of the equilibrium constant, K.
  • Shift the equilibrium towards the product side.
  • Shift the equilibrium towards the reactant side.

Consider an exothermic reaction at equilibrium. Which of the following actions will simultaneously shift the equilibrium towards the reactants and decrease the value of the equilibrium constant (K)?

  • Increasing the temperature and decreasing the concentration of reactants. (correct)
  • Decreasing the temperature and increasing the pressure (assuming Δn > 0).
  • Decreasing the pressure (assuming Δn < 0) and adding more products.
  • Increasing the temperature and adding a catalyst.

For the reaction $2SO_2(g) + O_2(g) ightleftharpoons 2SO_3(g)$, ΔH < 0. Which change will NOT increase the production of $SO_3(g)$?

  • Increasing the pressure.
  • Adding more $O_2(g)$.
  • Decreasing the temperature.
  • Adding an inert gas at constant volume. (correct)

A reaction has an equilibrium constant K = 0.5 at 25°C. If the reaction is endothermic, what will happen to the value of K if the temperature is increased to 50°C?

<p>K will increase. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consider the equilibrium: $A(g) + B(s) ightleftharpoons C(g)$. Which of the following changes will shift the equilibrium to the right?

<p>Increasing the partial pressure of A. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For the reaction $N_2(g) + 3H_2(g) ightleftharpoons 2NH_3(g)$ at equilibrium, what effect will decreasing the volume of the container have?

<p>Shift the equilibrium to the right, favoring $NH_3$. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is correct regarding the effect of a catalyst on a reversible reaction at equilibrium?

<p>It decreases the time to reach equilibrium without changing the equilibrium position. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios will always shift the equilibrium towards the product side?

<p>Adding reactants to a system at equilibrium. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does decreasing the temperature affect an endothermic reaction at equilibrium?

<p>It shifts the equilibrium towards the reactant side. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consider a reaction in which Δn = 0 (no change in the number of moles of gas). Which of the following changes will affect the equilibrium?

<p>Changing the temperature. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Haber-Bosch process ($N_2 + 3H_2 ightleftharpoons 2NH_3$, ΔH < 0), which conditions favor the production of ammonia?

<p>Low temperature and high pressure. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which action will increase the value of the equilibrium constant (K) for an endothermic reaction?

<p>Increasing the temperature. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For the equilibrium $2NO_2(g) ightleftharpoons N_2O_4(g)$, the reaction is exothermic. Predict the effect of increasing the temperature on the equilibrium.

<p>The equilibrium will shift to favor $NO_2$. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following changes affects the value of the equilibrium constant (K)?

<p>Changing the temperature. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For the reaction $A(g) ightleftharpoons B(g) + C(g)$, increasing the pressure will:

<p>Shift the equilibrium to the left. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following will increase the production of products in an exothermic reaction at equilibrium?

<p>Decreasing the temperature. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does increasing the concentration of a reactant have on a system at equilibrium?

<p>It shifts the equilibrium towards the product side. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which change will NOT affect the equilibrium position for the reaction $H_2(g) + I_2(g) ightleftharpoons 2HI(g)$?

<p>Increasing the pressure. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consider the reaction $CO(g) + 2H_2(g) ightleftharpoons CH_3OH(g)$. ΔH < 0. Which conditions will favor the production of $CH_3OH(g)$?

<p>Low temperature and high pressure. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does decreasing the pressure affect the equilibrium of a reaction in which there are more moles of gas on the product side than on the reactant side?

<p>It shifts the equilibrium towards the product side. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the reaction $A(g) + B(g) ightleftharpoons C(g) + D(g)$, the forward reaction is endothermic. Which conditions will favor the formation of C and D?

<p>High temperature and any pressure. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If Q < K for a reversible reaction, what will happen?

<p>The reaction will proceed forward. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following changes will decrease the value of K for an exothermic reaction?

<p>Increasing the temperature. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For the reaction $N_2O_4(g) ightleftharpoons 2NO_2(g)$, the reaction is endothermic. What will happen if the temperature is decreased?

<p>The equilibrium will shift to favor $N_2O_4(g)$. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Adding an inert gas at constant pressure to a reaction at equilibrium will:

<p>Never affect the equilibrium. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the effect of removing products from a system at equilibrium?

<p>It shifts the equilibrium towards the product side. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For the reversible reaction: $2A(g) + B(g) ightleftharpoons C(s) + D(g)$, which of the following actions would increase the amount of $C(s)$ at equilibrium?

<p>Removing some of $B(g)$ from the system. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do changes in pressure typically affect reactions in solution?

<p>Pressure changes typically do not significantly affect reactions in solution unless gases are involved and highly compressed. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions will not change the composition of an equilibrium mixture?

<p>Addition of a catalyst. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For an endothermic reaction, what happens to the equilibrium constant K as temperature decreases?

<p>K decreases. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a reversible reaction has Δn = 0, which of the following changes will alter the equilibrium composition?

<p>Changing the temperature. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Contact process ($2SO_2(g) + O_2(g) ightleftharpoons 2SO_3(g)$) is exothermic. Which strategy will maximize $SO_3$ production?

<p>Low temperature and high pressure. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Le Chatelier's principle apply to biological systems?

<p>It helps maintain homeostasis by shifting equilibrium states. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For a reaction with Q > K, which direction will the reaction proceed to reach equilibrium?

<p>Reverse direction. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a way to shift the equilibrium of a chemical reaction?

<p>Adding an inert gas if the volume is kept constant. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a reaction is at equilibrium and more product is added, what happens to the reaction quotient, Q?

<p>Q becomes larger than K. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For a gas-phase reaction, increasing the volume of the container will shift the equilibrium in which direction?

<p>B and C only. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In an endothermic reaction, if temperature decreases, what occurs to the equilibrium?

<p>Favors reactant formation and decreases the equilibrium constant (K). (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Le Chatelier's Principle

A principle stating that if a condition change is applied to a system in equilibrium, the system will shift to relieve the stress.

Adding Reactants

Shifting equilibrium towards the side of the reaction that consumes the added reactants.

Adding Products

Shifting equilibrium towards the side of the reaction that consumes the added products.

Removing Reactants

Shifting equilibrium towards the reactant side to produce more reactants.

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Removing Products

Shifting equilibrium towards the product side to produce more products.

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Inert Gases

Gases that do not participate in the reaction and have no effect on the equilibrium position.

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Solids/Liquids and Equilibrium

Adding or removing pure solids or liquids does not affect the equilibrium, as their concentrations are constant.

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Catalysts

Speed up both forward and reverse reactions equally, decreasing the time to reach equilibrium but not changing the equilibrium position itself.

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Endothermic Reactions & Increasing Temperature

Increasing the temperature shifts the equilibrium towards the product side, favoring the forward reaction.

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Endothermic Reactions & Decreasing Temperature

Decreasing the temperature shifts the equilibrium towards the reactant side, favoring the reverse reaction.

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Exothermic Reactions & Increasing Temperature

Increasing temperature shifts the equilibrium towards the reactant side, favoring the reverse reaction.

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Exothermic Reactions & Decreasing Temperature

Decreasing the temperature shifts the equilibrium towards the product side, favoring the forward reaction.

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ΔH

Represents the enthalpy change of the reaction; a positive value indicates an endothermic reaction, while a negative value indicates an exothermic reaction.

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Increasing Pressure

Increasing the pressure shifts the equilibrium towards the side with fewer moles of gas.

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Decreasing Pressure

Decreasing the pressure shifts the equilibrium towards the side with more moles of gas.

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No Change in Gas Moles

If there is no change in the number of moles of gas (Δn = 0), pressure changes have negligible effects on the equilibrium.

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Addition of Inert Gas

At constant volume increases the total pressure but does not affect the partial pressures of the reactants and products, thus having no effect on the equilibrium.

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Changes in Volume

Decreasing the volume favors the side with fewer gas moles, while increasing the volume favors the side with more gas moles.

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Reactions in Solution

Pressure changes typically do not significantly affect reactions in solution unless gases are involved and highly compressed.

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Equilibrium Constant (K)

Affected by temperature changes; increasing temperature increases K for endothermic reactions, while decreasing temperature decreases K.

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Exothermic Reactions and K

Increasing temperature decreases K, while decreasing temperature increases K.

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Concentration/Pressure

Do not change the value of the equilibrium constant K. Instead, the reaction quotient (Q) temporarily differs from K, driving the system towards equilibrium.

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Reaction Quotient (Q)

A measure of the relative amount of products and reactants present in a reaction at any given time.

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Haber-Bosch Process

High pressure and moderate temperature to favor ammonia production.

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Contact Process

Low temperatures and high pressure favor oxidation of SO2 to SO3.

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Industrial Chemistry

Crucial in industrial chemistry to optimize reaction conditions for maximum yield and efficiency.

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Biological Systems

Changes in pH trigger shifts in equilibrium to maintain a stable pH level.

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Study Notes

  • Le Chatelier's principle states that if a change of condition is applied to a system in equilibrium, the system will shift in a direction that relieves the stress.
  • The principle predicts how equilibrium changes when altering reactant concentration, product concentration, temperature, or pressure.

Changes in Concentration

  • Adding reactants shifts equilibrium towards the product side, consuming added reactants.
  • Adding products shifts equilibrium towards the reactant side, consuming added products.
  • Removing reactants shifts equilibrium towards the reactant side, producing more reactants.
  • Removing products shifts equilibrium towards the product side, producing more products.
  • Inert gases (e.g., noble gases) do not participate in reactions and have no effect on equilibrium position.
  • Presence of inert gasses increases total pressure but does not affect partial pressures of reactants or products.
  • Adding or removing pure solids or liquids does not affect equilibrium, due to their constant concentrations.
  • Catalysts speed up forward and reverse reactions equally, decreasing the time to reach equilibrium without changing the equilibrium position.

Changes in Temperature

  • For endothermic reactions (ΔH > 0), increasing temperature shifts equilibrium towards the product side, favoring the forward reaction.
  • For endothermic reactions, decreasing temperature shifts equilibrium towards the reactant side, favoring the reverse reaction.
  • For exothermic reactions (ΔH < 0), increasing temperature shifts equilibrium towards the reactant side, favoring the reverse reaction.
  • For exothermic reactions, decreasing temperature shifts equilibrium towards the product side, favoring the forward reaction.
  • ΔH represents the enthalpy change of the reaction, where a positive value indicates an endothermic reaction and a negative value indicates an exothermic reaction.

Changes in Pressure

  • Pressure changes affect reactions involving gases, especially with a change in the number of moles of gas.
  • Increasing pressure shifts equilibrium towards the side with fewer moles of gas.
  • Decreasing pressure shifts equilibrium towards the side with more moles of gas.
  • If there's no change in the number of moles of gas (Δn = 0), pressure changes have negligible effects on equilibrium.
  • Adding an inert gas at constant volume increases total pressure but doesn't affect partial pressures, thus having no effect on equilibrium.
  • Volume changes affect pressure, subsequently shifting equilibrium: decreasing volume favors fewer gas moles, while increasing volume favors more gas moles.
  • Pressure changes typically do not significantly affect reactions in solution unless gases are involved and highly compressed.

Mathematical Representation

  • The equilibrium constant (K) is affected by temperature changes.
  • For endothermic reactions, increasing temperature increases K, while decreasing temperature decreases K.
  • For exothermic reactions, increasing temperature decreases K, while decreasing temperature increases K.
  • Changes in concentration or pressure do not change the value of K; instead, the reaction quotient (Q) temporarily differs from K, driving the system towards equilibrium.
  • The reaction quotient (Q) measures the relative amount of products and reactants at any given time.
  • When Q < K, the reaction proceeds forward; when Q > K, the reaction proceeds in reverse; when Q = K, the system is at equilibrium.

Applications

  • The Haber-Bosch process for ammonia synthesis (N2 + 3H2 ⇌ 2NH3) uses high pressure and moderate temperature to favor ammonia production (exothermic reaction).
  • The Contact process for sulfuric acid production involves multiple equilibrium steps, including the oxidation of SO2 to SO3, favored by low temperatures and high pressure (exothermic reaction).
  • Understanding and applying Le Chatelier's principle is crucial in industrial chemistry to optimize reaction conditions for maximum yield and efficiency.
  • Biological systems rely on Le Chatelier's principle to maintain homeostasis; changes in pH in blood buffer systems trigger shifts in equilibrium to maintain stable pH level.

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