Law, Policy, and Ethics in Healthcare
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Questions and Answers

What contributes to the risk of developing mental illness?

  • Environmental factors and stress (correct)
  • Solely personal lifestyle choices
  • Only genetic predisposition
  • Risk is due to exposure to infectious diseases

    • What is the significance of the NDST3 gene in relation to schizophrenia?

  • It guarantees a diagnosis of schizophrenia if present
  • It is a dominant gene causing schizophrenia in all populations
  • It completely eliminates the risk of developing schizophrenia
  • It is exclusive to individuals of Ashkenazi Jewish descent (correct)

    • What characterizes Huntington's Disease testing?

  • It is a presymptomatic genetic test (correct)
  • It is only available after symptoms appear
  • There is no existing gene test for it
  • Testing guarantees accurate predictions of severity

    • Which factor is NOT used to measure the impact of communicable diseases?

    <p>Severity of symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a mode of transmission for communicable diseases?

    <p>Airborne particles and contaminated food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following strategies is NOT included in the public health tools to address communicable diseases?

    <p>Regular exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical factor for the eradication of a disease?

    <p>Effective post-exposure vaccination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a consequence of misusing antibiotics?

    <p>Promotion of antibiotic resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a disease that can be effectively eradicated?

    <p>Disease produces long-term immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which example demonstrates the importance of herd immunity?

    <p>Vaccination against measles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of secondary aging?

    <p>Developing health issues due to lifestyle choices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes normative age-related changes?

    <p>They include biological, psychological, and sociocultural changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by 'tertiary aging'?

    <p>The cognitive and physical decline occurring right before death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one consequence of aging on immune function?

    <p>Delayed development of immunity to diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best illustrates a nonnormative influence on aging?

    <p>An individual experiencing a rare accident</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the Institutional Review Board (IRB)?

    <p>To approve and monitor research projects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a non-communicable disease?

    <p>Ebola</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which criterion is essential for a disease screening program to be considered effective?

    <p>Early detection must improve outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does sensitivity refer to in the context of disease screening?

    <p>The ability to catch all cases of the disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can false positives in disease screening affect patients?

    <p>They can lead to unnecessary procedures and anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is specificity important in screening tests?

    <p>It prevents the detection of non-existent diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of a successful screening strategy?

    <p>It has a feasible testing strategy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of disease is primarily responsible for high mortality rates in developed countries?

    <p>Non-communicable diseases like cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of an advanced directive?

    <p>To provide a living will that outlines healthcare decisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle emphasizes the need to protect vulnerable populations in research?

    <p>Respect for persons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What unethical practice was demonstrated in the Tuskegee study?

    <p>Informed consent was not obtained from participants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the Belmont Report's principle of beneficence?

    <p>Maximize benefits while minimizing risks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does an Institutional Review Board (IRB) have in research?

    <p>To approve research proposals and ensure ethical standards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the principle of justice in the Belmont Report address?

    <p>The need for fair distribution of research benefits and burdens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the treatment of prisoners in research considered different?

    <p>They are classified as a vulnerable group needing special ethics considerations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of advanced health care decisions, what does a health care proxy do?

    <p>They are appointed to make health care decisions on behalf of the individual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of older adults are reported to have arthritis pain?

    <p>70%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of arthritis involves the body attacking its own joints?

    <p>Autoimmune arthritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to statistics, what is the approximate annual percentage of older adults who fall?

    <p>30%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common challenge faced by older adults regarding medications?

    <p>Increased medication costs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which population is less likely to have a diagnosis of cancer according to autopsy findings?

    <p>Older adults without symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor significantly impacts driving abilities in older adults?

    <p>Deterioration in vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs)?

    <p>Medication management and financial tasks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern related to prescription labeling for older adults?

    <p>Difficulty understanding drug information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which demographic trend is observed among the elderly population?

    <p>Increased racial diversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the average number of medications taken by older adults, highlighting the issue of polypharmacy?

    <p>6-7 medications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant psychological effect often associated with arthritis in older adults?

    <p>Depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does tobacco use historically impact health perceptions?

    <p>Tobacco was glamorized as a healthy habit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor contributes to the higher life expectancy of women compared to men?

    <p>Men's higher mortality rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which policy has been implemented to address smoking-related health issues?

    <p>Banning tobacco distribution to minors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Law Policy and Ethics in Healthcare

    • Organizations involved in healthcare delivery include insurance companies, Medicare/Medicaid, hospitals, and professional licensing bodies.
    • Public/private insurance: Hospitals aren't required to accept all private insurance, but must accept Medicare/Medicaid.
    • Licensing: State regulations license healthcare professionals like doctors, nurses, physician assistants, and those in related fields like social workers, manicurists, and massage therapists.

    Public Health

    • Public health includes food and drug safety (FDA), environmental protection (EPA), and disease epidemiology.
    • Bioethics study medical and ethical issues like stem cell research, using cells from miscarried or aborted fetuses.
    • US Constitutional principles govern some health-related issues.
    • Police power allows authorities to act to protect individuals and public health by restricting rights when necessary.
    • Interstate commerce regulations help control healthcare.
    • HIPAA policy regulates healthcare data privacy.

    Healthy People 2024

    • It's a US government publication focusing on research and funding related to public health issues.
    • The publication prioritizes the most important issues affecting public health.
    • Aims to direct public health activities to align with government priorities.
    • Different philosophies on government's role in health affect policies.
    • Two categories include social justice.

    Bioethical Principles

    • Public health leadership created a code of ethics to guide decision-making.
    • Relevant examples of ethical violations include the Tuskegee Syphilis Study and the Guatemala experiments.

    Non-Communicable Diseases

    • These diseases aren't contagious.
    • Examples include cardiovascular disease, cancer, and mental health conditions.
    • Screening programs are a key aspect of public health. The key criteria for screening programs include early detection, improved outcomes, feasibility, and acceptability.

    Screening Programs

    • Screening identifies individuals with conditions early, potentially improving outcomes.
    • The disease itself causes substantial death or disability.
    • Effective early detection is possible.
    • There is a convenient and effective testing strategy.
    • Screening is acceptable to those being screened.

    Cost-Effective Interventions

    • Cost-effective intervention strategies combine benefit, harm, and financial factors, comparing new interventions with existing ones.

    Genetic Testing for Disease Prediction

    • Genetic testing is used to predict or diagnose disease risk.
    • Testing is now used for a broad range of conditions.
    • Testing results give insights to personalized disease outcomes.

    Communicable Diseases

    • Communicable diseases like those associated with pathogens (infectious agents) like bacteria and viruses used to be a leading cause of death.
    • Communicable disease transmission modes vary from insect vectors and animals to airborne transmission routes, water, food, open wounds, etc.
    • Includes measures for preventing spread, isolation, and quarantine.

    Aging Population

    • Difficulty in defining 'old age'.
    • Different categories of aging individuals by age demographics.
    • Programs like Medicare and social security are relevant to aging populations.

    Underlying Processes of Aging

    • Biopsychosocial factors affect aging.
    • Cohort effects: how experiences shape unique populations.
    • Time-of-measurement effects affect data collection.
    • Cross-sectional and longitudinal study designs are important methodologies.
    • Biological changes like puberty and menopause.
    • Psychological factors like raising children (a major stressor), social clocks.
    • Sociocultural impacts of aging.
    • Epidemics and pandemics can affect aging.
    • Immune function changes.
    • Common age-related conditions include diseases like diabetes, osteoporosis, arthritis, and cancer.
    • This also includes functional impairments.
    • Susceptibility to infection is elevated in older populations.

    The Older Driver

    • Many older people continue driving despite age-related physical changes and potential health issues.
    • Various factors affect a driver's ability (physical capabilities, etc.)
    • Drivers over 70 make up a significant portion of those involved in traffic collisions.

    Medications Patterns for Older Adults and Polypharmacy

    • Older adults frequently use numerous medications.
    • Many challenges relate to their use, like adherence, dosage, and side effects.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the intricate relationships between law, policy, and ethics as they pertain to healthcare delivery. Explore topics such as licensing regulations, the role of public and private insurance, and the principles governing public health. Test your understanding of the legal frameworks that shape healthcare practices and bioethical considerations.

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