Latin American Independence Quiz

The idea that people have the right to overthrow a government that doesn't protect their natural rights.

A social system in France that divided people into three classes based on birth, with unequal privileges and obligations. The clergy (first estate) and nobility (second estate) enjoyed exemptions from taxes, while the commoners (third estate) bore the brunt of the financial burden.

The French government spent more money than it received in taxes, leading to a severe financial crisis. This was exacerbated by funding the American Revolution, poor harvests causing food shortages and inflation.

The system in which the King held absolute power, without checks or balances. This lack of checks and balances contributed to the revolution.

The Tennis Court Oath was a pledge made by the members of the National Assembly to create a new constitution that would end the ancient regime and establish a limited monarchy.

The National Assembly abolished feudal dues and the ancient regime. This was brought about by chaos and rebellions caused by the third estate's desire for change.

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was written by the National Assembly and proclaimed that all men are born free and equal in rights. It was inspired by documents like the American Declaration of Independence and the English Bill of Rights.

The Women's March on Versailles was a protest by Parisian women demanding that the King and Queen return to Paris to witness the reality of the people's suffering and ensure food security.

The Civil Constitution of the Clergy was a law passed by the National Assembly, aiming to make the Catholic Church subservient to the state. It elected bishops and priests as civil servants paid by the state.

The Constitution of 1791 was a significant change in government, establishing a limited monarchy and a legislative assembly with power to make laws. This marked a major victory for the revolutionaries.

The Royal Family's attempt to flee France, fearing for their lives, resulted in their capture and imprisonment. This event was seen as a betrayal by the people and fuelled radical sentiments.

The Radical Phase of the French Revolution marked a time of increased extremism, as the revolution became increasingly violent and destructive. This phase led to the rise of the Jacobins and Maximillian Robespierre.

The Jacobins were a radical political party during the French Revolution, strongly supporting the revolution and pushing for extreme reforms. They played a significant role in the Reign of Terror.

Maximillian Robespierre was a prominent leader of the Jacobins and a key figure in the Reign of Terror. He was known for his radical views and his influence in the National Convention.

The National Convention was a governing body established during the French Revolution, replacing the Legislative Assembly. The National Convention was dominated by radical members, particularly the Jacobins.

The extension of voting rights to all male citizens of France, a key change during the French Revolution.

The abolishment of the monarchy in France, replacing it with a republic. This was a significant shift in power.

The French Revolution declared France a republic, a system of government where power resides in the people. This change drastically altered France's political structure.

A period of intense violence and political repression in France during the French Revolution, characterized by executions, purges, and the consolidation of revolutionary power.

The French Revolution's Committee of Public Safety, a powerful body during the Reign of Terror, aimed at dealing with internal and external threats to the revolution.

A nationalistic movement that emphasized unity, patriotism, and pride. This was fueled by victories against foreign nations during the French Revolution.

The guillotine, a device used for beheadings, was a key symbol of the French Revolution, particularly during the Reign of Terror.

A crucial event in the French Revolution, marking the beginning of the Reign of Terror, where the Committee of Public Safety held absolute power.

The end of the Reign of Terror marked by the downfall of Maximilien Robespierre, the leader of the Committee of Public Safety.

The French monarch, Louis XVI, was found guilty of treason and executed by guillotine, a significant event that marked a major shift in power during the French Revolution.

The French monarchy, represented by Louis XVI, was abolished during the French Revolution. This was a pivotal event that led to the creation of the French Republic.

The French Revolution was an upheaval that aimed to overthrow the old order and establish a new, more democratic society.

Social equality was a key goal of the French Revolution, aspiring to eradicate privilege and create a society based on equal rights.

The execution of Marie Antoinette, the queen of France, by guillotine, was a significant event during the French Revolution, further demonstrating the revolution's radical nature.

A successful slave rebellion that took place in Saint-Domingue (now Haiti), led by Toussaint L'Overture in 1791, taking advantage of French political turmoil.

A complex process of independence in Mexico that began with a peasant uprising led by Miguel Hidalgo and Jose Morelos in 1810, which was later suppressed by Creole elites. In 1820, a more conservative revolution led by Creole general Agustín de Iturbide led to Mexico becoming a monarchy with Iturbide as emperor. However, by 1824, Iturbide was overthrown and Mexico was declared a republic.

A Venezuelan Creole military leader known as "The Liberator" who led the fight for independence in several South American countries, including Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. He envisioned a unified Latin America but faced challenges due to regional divisions and conflicting interests.

Argentina, Chile, and Peru achieved independence from Spanish rule through the efforts of Jose de San Martin, a Creole general from Argentina, who is known as the "Liberator" of Argentina and the "Protector of Peru."

Brazil, a Portuguese colony in the Americas, remained independent from Portugal after a period of transition. When Napoleon invaded Portugal in the early 1800s, the Portuguese royal family fled to Brazil. Upon their return in 1820, the people of Brazil, led by Dom Pedro, resisted their return to colonial status and declared Brazil an independent constitutional monarchy.

The Enlightenment's ideas, which emphasized reason, individual rights, and popular sovereignty, inspired the French Revolution and its revolutionary ideals, ultimately leading to the questioning of traditional absolutist power structures across Europe and the colonies.

European colonization in the Americas led to the development of local power structures and tensions between different social groups. The French Revolution, with its emphasis on equality and liberty, inspired revolutions in the Americas as well.

The revolutionary wave that swept across Europe and the Americas in the late 18th and early 19th centuries led to significant changes in the political landscape and the rise of newfound independent states. The success of revolutionary movements highlighted the weaknesses of established regimes and the strength of popular movements striving for change.

A period in European history (1815-1848) following the defeat of Napoleon where major powers sought to restore stability and order after years of war. This involved redrawing European borders, suppressing liberal ideas, and restoring monarchies.

The execution of people accused of treason or opposing the French Revolution by the guillotine. It became a symbol of the Reign of Terror, a period characterized by brutal suppression of opposition.

A five-man executive body that governed France after the French Revolution. It aimed to move away from the radical excesses of the National Convention, but proved to be ineffective, corrupt, and eventually overthrown by Napoleon Bonaparte.

French military leader and emperor who rose to power after the French Revolution. He overthrew the Directory, expanded the French Empire to its largest extent, and implemented many reforms, but also waged wars that caused widespread destruction.

A political ideology that values traditional institutions, hierarchies, and social order. It resisted change and sought to restore the power of monarchs and nobility.

A political ideology that emphasizes individual liberty, constitutional government, and limited state power. It was inspired by the Enlightenment and the French Revolution.

A political ideology that promotes national unity based on shared language, cultural heritage, and interests. It sought to create independent nation-states.

The process of European countries, particularly France, returning to monarchies after the defeat of Napoleon. The Congress of Vienna played a significant role in orchestrating this backslide from republican ideas.

A term used to describe the social and political changes that occurred in Latin America during the early 19th century, when former Spanish and Portuguese colonies gained independence.

European powers trying to maintain their influence by preserving the balance of power in a post-Napoleonic Europe. The Congress of Vienna was a key example of this, attempting to prevent any one nation from becoming too dominant.

The period after the Congress of Vienna when European powers attempted to suppress liberal and nationalist movements, leading to numerous revolutions and uprisings.

The process of nations forming based on shared identities and interests, which often challenged the old order of empires and monarchies.

The spread of ideas and beliefs about individual rights, government, and social order, often challenging traditional authority.