Questions and Answers
What characterizes Formal Operational thought?
What does the Zone of Proximal Development refer to?
What is 'scaffolding' in Vygotsky's framework?
What do storage processes in the Information-Processing Theory involve?
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What criticism is often directed towards Piaget's stages of development?
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In competence-environmental press theory, what is meant by 'optimal fit'?
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What is one major contribution of ecological theories as evaluated?
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Which of the following describes the Information-Processing Theory best?
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What is a significant consequence of inadequate nourishment during pregnancy?
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How does stress impact the developing fetus?
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What age range is considered most optimal for prenatal development?
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Which group of pregnant women is likely to face more problems during pregnancy compared to women in their 20s?
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Which of the following substances is considered a teratogen?
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What is a potential outcome for babies born to mothers who consume large quantities of alcohol during pregnancy?
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Which of the following is NOT a category of teratogens?
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Which is true regarding the risks associated with pregnancy for women aged 35 and older?
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What has been the trend in infant mortality rates in the Philippines from 2010 to 2020?
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Which of the following statements regarding maternal mortality rates in the Philippines is accurate?
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What is a possible consequence of a prolapsed umbilical cord during delivery?
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Which complication may force a mother to deliver via Cesarean section?
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What impact do birth complications have on long-term psychological outcomes for babies?
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What is defined as the infant mortality rate?
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Which country has the highest infant mortality rate according to the information provided?
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How does low birth weight affect infant mortality rates in developed nations like the U.S.?
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What does biological age refer to?
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Which concept emphasizes the influence of early experiences on later traits?
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In the context of psychological age, what does adaptive capacity refer to?
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Which of the following forces is concerned with genetic and health-related factors?
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What does the term 'chronological age' specifically denote?
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Which issue addresses the debate over continuity and discontinuity in development?
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What is the main focus of the issue of 'Universal Context' in development?
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What do sociocultural forces encompass in the context of development?
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What is the primary criterion for the transition from a zygote to an embryo?
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During which period does the formation of the three layers of the embryo begin?
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What is the role of the amnion during the embryonic period?
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What significant development occurs in the fetal period between weeks 9 to 38?
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Which term describes the principle where growth occurs from the head to the rest of the body?
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Which structure connects the embryo to the placenta?
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What is the age of viability for a fetus?
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Which factor is identified as one of the three general risk factors affecting prenatal development?
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Study Notes
Late Old Age and Developmental Stages
- Late old age refers to individuals aged 75 and older, navigating adjustments to new social roles.
- The oldest segment, aged 85 and above, represents the longest developmental span in life.
Conceptions of Age
- Chronological age is simply the years elapsed since birth.
- Biological age reflects an individual's health status rather than mere years.
- Psychological age assesses adaptive capacities in relation to peers of the same chronological age.
- Social age involves social roles and societal expectations related to a person’s age.
Developmental Issues
- Nature vs. Nurture: Theories emphasize that both biological and environmental factors influence development, suggesting they are interdependent.
- Stability and Change: Early traits may indicate hereditary stability, but change can occur due to later experiences.
- Continuity vs. Discontinuity: Development can be viewed as a gradual process or as occurring in distinct stages.
- Universal Context: Investigates whether development follows a general path for all individuals or varies across socio-cultural contexts.
Interactive Forces in Development
- Biological Forces: Includes genetic factors and overall health.
- Psychological Forces: Encompasses cognitive, emotional, and perceptual development.
- Sociocultural Forces: Considers societal and cultural influences on development.
Cognitive Development Theories
- Concrete Operational Thought (ages 7 to Adolescence): Characterized by logical thinking, focusing on tangible concepts.
- Formal Operational Thought (Adolescence and beyond): Involves abstract thinking and hypothesis testing.
- Lev Vygotsky emphasized socio-cultural factors in development, focusing on the importance of guidance through the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) and "scaffolding".
- Information-Processing Theory examines how individuals process, store, and retrieve information, likening cognitive processes to computer functions.
Stimulus Processing
- Input processes analyze stimuli; storage processes involve internal coding; output processes prepare responses.
Critiques and Contributions of Cognitive Theories
- Contributions include a positive view on active learning and understanding construction.
- Criticisms arise regarding the sufficiency of Piaget's stages and the lack of attention to individual differences.
Competence-Environmental Press Theory (Lawton & Nahemow)
- Proposes optimal adaptation occurs when a person's abilities align with environmental challenges.
Prenatal Development Stages
- Zygote Period (Weeks 1-2): Begins with fertilization and ends with implantation in the uterus.
- Embryo Period (Weeks 3-8): Major body structures are formed, with cell specialization occurring in three layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm) within the protective amnion.
- Fetus Period (Weeks 9-38): Significant growth and brain development, with emergence of fine body hair and development of bodily systems.
Influences on Prenatal Development
- Nutrition: Essential for healthy prenatal development; undernourished infants risk prematurity and low birth weight.
- Stress: Particularly harmful in early pregnancy, increasing fetal heart rate, and risking mother's health.
- Parental Age: Optimal prenatal development occurs in women aged 20-35; risks increase significantly for teenagers and women over 35.
Teratogens and Their Impact
- Teratogens can cause abnormal developments and include substances like drugs and certain diseases.
- Environmental hazards pose risks due to lack of awareness and can severely affect prenatal outcomes.
Infant Mortality and Birth Complications
- Infant mortality rate measures the percentage of infants dying before age one; high rates occur in Afghanistan and the U.S. due to low birth weight.
- Birth complications may include issues like hypoxia from prolapsed umbilical cords, forced cesarean sections, or premature births, which affect long-term health outcomes, including aggression or mental health conditions.
Adjusting to Parenthood
- Postpartum adjustments involve physical and psychological challenges, with some mothers experiencing postpartum depression, impacting both mother and child well-being.
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Description
Explore the complexities of late old age and the various conceptions of age, including chronological, biological, psychological, and social aspects. Understand developmental issues such as nature vs. nurture and continuity vs. discontinuity in the context of aging. This quiz delves into how these factors influence individuals aged 75 and older.
