Larynx Cartilages and Respiratory System Components Quiz

Digestive System

• HCl activates pepsinogen to pepsin and kills microbes
• Pepsinogen is a precursor to pepsin
• Gastrin stimulates acid secretion
• Intrinsic factor is essential for B12 absorption

Respiratory System

• In emphysema, alveolar walls are damaged, reducing surface area for gas exchange
• Internal respiration is the process of exchanging O2 and CO2 between the blood and tissues
• The three large cartilages of the larynx are the Thyroid, Cricoid, and Epiglottis
• Type I alveolar cells and Type II alveolar cells are found in alveoli
• The respiratory membrane consists of alveolar epithelium, capillary endothelium, and basement membrane

Pleura and Respiratory Movement

• The visceral pleura covers the surface of the lungs
• The parietal pleura lines the inside of the chest wall, covering the thoracic cavity
• The negative pressure in the pleural space helps in lung expansion
• Pleura functions include lubrication, protection, and pressure gradient creation
• The primary muscles of quiet inhalation are the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles

Gas Exchange and Transport

• O2 moves from the alveoli into the blood during external respiration
• O2 moves from the blood to the tissues during internal respiration
• CO2 moves from the tissues to the blood during internal respiration
• CO2 moves from the blood into the alveoli during external respiration
• Oxygen is primarily transported bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells
• Carbon dioxide is transported as bicarbonate ions in plasma, bound to hemoglobin, or dissolved in plasma

Respiratory Control

• Respiratory centers are located in the medulla oblongata and pons of the brainstem
• The medullary respiratory center, specifically the pre-Bötzinger complex, initiates the basic respiratory rhythm
• The pons respiratory centers modulate the rhythm generated by the medulla to smooth the respiratory pattern
• Peripheral chemoreceptors are located in the carotid and aortic bodies and respond to low O2, high CO2, and low pH
• Central chemoreceptors are located in the medulla and respond to changes in CO2 concentration or pH changes in cerebrospinal fluid

Respiratory Acidosis and Hyperventilation

• Breathing becomes deeper and more rapid to expel CO2 and increase pH during respiratory acidosis
• Hyperventilation is rapid or deep breathing leading to decreased CO2 levels