38 Questions
Which cells are responsible for gas exchange in the alveoli?
Type I alveolar cells
What is the function of Type II alveolar cells?
Production of surfactant
What are the components of the respiratory membrane?
Alveolar epithelium, capillary endothelium, and basement membrane
Which is the correct location of the parietal pleura?
Lines the inside of the chest wall
What is the purpose of the negative pressure in the pleural space?
To help in lung expansion
Which structure covers the surface of the lungs?
Visceral pleura
What is the function of the negative pressure in the pleural space?
Lung expansion
Which cells are responsible for producing surfactant in the alveoli?
Type II alveolar cells
What are the 3 large cartilages of the larynx ?
Thyroid, cricoid, and epiglottis
What are the Pleura Functions?
Lubrication, protection, and pressure gradient creation
Which way does O2 move in external respiration?
alveoli into the blood
What is the primary method of carbon dioxide transportation in the bloodstream?
Transported as bicarbonate ions
Which muscles play a significant role in quiet exhalation?
Internal intercostal muscles
Which way does CO2 move in external respiration
From blood into the alveoli
Which way does oxygen move during internal respiration?
From the blood to tissue
Which way does CO2 move in internal respiration
From the tissues to the blood
How does oxygen primarily get transported?
Bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells
Where are the peripheral chemoreceptors located?
In the carotid and aortic bodies
What do central chemoreceptors respond to?
Changes in CO2 concentration or pH changes in cerebrospinal fluid
What is the function of the pons respiratory centers?
Modulate the rhythm generated by the medulla to smooth the respiratory pattern
How is your breathing affected by respiratory acidosis?
Breathing becomes deeper and more rapid
What is hyperventilation?
Rapid or deep breathing leading to decreased CO2 levels
Where are the central chemoreceptors located in the body?
Located in the medulla oblongata
Which center initiates the basic respiratory rhythm?
The medullary respiratory center
What is hypoventilation?
Slow or shallow breathing leading to increased CO2 levels.
What chemoreceptor respond primarily to PH and CO2 levels?
Central chemoreceptors
What chemoreceptors respond to O2, CO2, and PH
Peripheral chemoreceptors
Where are the respiratory centers found?
In the medulla oblongata and pons
What do peripheral chemoreceptors respond to?
Low pH levels, low oxygen and high carbon dioxide
Which of the following best describes the effect of emphysema on compliance in lung tissue?
Compliance increases due to loss of elastic recoil
What happens to the lung tissue and compliance in fibrosis?
Decreased due to stiff lung tissue.
What branch of the ANS causes bronchodilation
Sympathetic nervous system
What is the function of gastrin in the digestive system?
Stimulates acid secretion
How does HCl contribute to digestion?
Activates pepsinogen to pepsin, kills microbes
Which of the following accurately describes the role of intrinsic factor?
Essential for B12 absorption
What happens to pepsinogen during digestion?
Is a precursor to pepsin
Which substance is responsible for activating pepsinogen to its active form, pepsin?
HCl
What is internal respiration?
The exchange of gases between the blood in capillaries and the body's cells
Study Notes
Digestive System
- HCl activates pepsinogen to pepsin and kills microbes
- Pepsinogen is a precursor to pepsin
- Gastrin stimulates acid secretion
- Intrinsic factor is essential for B12 absorption
Respiratory System
- In emphysema, alveolar walls are damaged, reducing surface area for gas exchange
- Internal respiration is the process of exchanging O2 and CO2 between the blood and tissues
- The three large cartilages of the larynx are the Thyroid, Cricoid, and Epiglottis
- Type I alveolar cells and Type II alveolar cells are found in alveoli
- The respiratory membrane consists of alveolar epithelium, capillary endothelium, and basement membrane
Pleura and Respiratory Movement
- The visceral pleura covers the surface of the lungs
- The parietal pleura lines the inside of the chest wall, covering the thoracic cavity
- The negative pressure in the pleural space helps in lung expansion
- Pleura functions include lubrication, protection, and pressure gradient creation
- The primary muscles of quiet inhalation are the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles
Gas Exchange and Transport
- O2 moves from the alveoli into the blood during external respiration
- O2 moves from the blood to the tissues during internal respiration
- CO2 moves from the tissues to the blood during internal respiration
- CO2 moves from the blood into the alveoli during external respiration
- Oxygen is primarily transported bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells
- Carbon dioxide is transported as bicarbonate ions in plasma, bound to hemoglobin, or dissolved in plasma
Respiratory Control
- Respiratory centers are located in the medulla oblongata and pons of the brainstem
- The medullary respiratory center, specifically the pre-Bötzinger complex, initiates the basic respiratory rhythm
- The pons respiratory centers modulate the rhythm generated by the medulla to smooth the respiratory pattern
- Peripheral chemoreceptors are located in the carotid and aortic bodies and respond to low O2, high CO2, and low pH
- Central chemoreceptors are located in the medulla and respond to changes in CO2 concentration or pH changes in cerebrospinal fluid
Respiratory Acidosis and Hyperventilation
- Breathing becomes deeper and more rapid to expel CO2 and increase pH during respiratory acidosis
- Hyperventilation is rapid or deep breathing leading to decreased CO2 levels
Test your knowledge of the large cartilages in the larynx, types of cells found in alveoli, components of the respiratory membrane, and the structure of pleura in the respiratory system.
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