Anatomy of Respiratory System: Larynx and Trachea

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Questions and Answers

What is the name of the indentation on the medial border of the kidney?

Renal papilla

Renal pelvis

Renal hilum (correct)

Renal capsule

What is the function of the renal capsule?

To filter blood and produce urine

To protect the kidney from injury and maintain its shape (correct)

To transport urine from the kidney to the bladder

To regulate blood pressure

Which of the following structures is NOT found in the renal hilum?

Splenic artery (correct)

Nerves

Renal artery

Ureter

What is the correct anatomical position of the kidneys?

Posterior to the peritoneum Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the kidneys?

To filter blood and produce urine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a function of the spleen?

Removal of worn out red blood cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the tissue that makes up the majority of the spleen?

Red pulp Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the white pulp in the spleen?

Immune response Signup and view all the answers

Which artery is a branch of the common femoral artery?

Profunda femoris Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following veins does not accompany an artery?

Superficial veins in general Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the median cubital vein?

To connect the cephalic and basilic veins Signup and view all the answers

Which veins are larger in diameter?

Superficial veins Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the vein that ascends along the radial side of the arm?

Cephalic vein Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following veins is not a part of the deep venous system?

Cephalic vein Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the vestibular folds?

They define a slit-like cavity between themselves and the true vocal cords Signup and view all the answers

Where is the median cubital vein located?

In the cubital fossa Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the cartilage rings in the trachea?

To prevent the trachea from collapsing Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of valves in veins?

To prevent backflow of blood Signup and view all the answers

Where does the trachea bifurcate into the right and left main bronchi?

At the level of the sternal angle (T4) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the right main bronchus compared to the left main bronchus?

It is wider and shorter Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the ridge at the region of bifurcation of the trachea into right and left main bronchi?

Carina Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the respiratory bronchioles in the respiratory zone?

To branch into alveolar ducts Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the air-exchange chambers in the respiratory zone?

Alveoli Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the depression in the lung where the main bronchus enters?

Hilum Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the scrotum?

To regulate testicular temperature Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate mass of each testis?

10-15 grams Signup and view all the answers

Where do the testes develop during fetal development?

Near the kidneys in the posterior portion of the abdomen Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the tunica vaginalis?

To provide a protective covering for the testes Signup and view all the answers

What can cause a hydrocele?

Injury to the testes Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal temperature required for sperm production?

2-3°C below core body temperature Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the epididymis?

To store and transport sperm Signup and view all the answers

What is the shape of the testes?

Oval Signup and view all the answers

What structures in the mammary glands are responsible for the synthesis and secretion of milk?

Alveoli Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating milk production?

Prolactin Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of oxytocin in the lactation process?

It initiates milk ejection Signup and view all the answers

Where does milk collect before being expelled from the breast?

Lactiferous sinuses Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is NOT directly associated with the production or ejection of milk?

Insulin Signup and view all the answers

What happens to milk after it is produced in the alveoli?

It enters secondary tubules and then mammary ducts Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Larynx and Trachea

Vestibular folds (false vocal cords) lie superior to the true vocal folds and do not produce sound.
The trachea, a flexible structure, descends from the larynx through the neck into the mediastinum, bifurcating into right and left main bronchi.
Cartilage rings in the trachea maintain airway patency during breathing; it can bend and elongate without collapsing.
Carina refers to the ridge at the trachea's bifurcation into bronchi.

Bronchial Tree

Main bronchi (right and left) are the largest branches of the bronchial tree, which comprises extensive respiratory passages within the lungs.
Bifurcation of the bronchi occurs at the sternal angle (T4); each bronchus then enters the hilum of a lung.
The right main bronchus is shorter, wider, and more vertical compared to the left, lying posterior to the pulmonary vessels.

Respiratory Zone

The respiratory zone is the terminal region of the respiratory tree, consisting of structures with alveoli for gas exchange.
Respiratory bronchioles branch from terminal bronchioles and lead into alveolar ducts.

Vascular System

Venous drainage from the head primarily occurs via internal jugular, external jugular, and vertebral veins.
Upper limb venous system includes superficial and deep veins; superficial veins are visible and larger, while deep veins accompany arteries.

Superficial Venous System

Cephalic vein ascends along the lateral side of the arm, draining into the axillary vein; it communicates with the basilic vein via the median cubital vein.
Basilic vein originates on the medial side of the hand and unites with brachial veins.
Median cubital vein is located in the cubital fossa, commonly used for venipuncture.

Deep Venous System

Comprises subclavian, axillary, brachial, radial, and ulnar veins, mirroring the arterial system.
Each kidney has a renal hilum where blood vessels and the ureter emerge.

Kidneys

Kidneys are retroperitoneal organs located between the T12 and L3 vertebrae, partially protected by the lower ribs.
Each kidney typically measures 10–12 cm in length and 5–7 cm in width.
The renal capsule is a protective tissue layer around each kidney.

Male Reproductive System

Consists of testes, a system of ducts (epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory ducts, urethra), accessory sex glands (seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral glands), and supporting structures (scrotum, penis).
Scrotum regulates temperature for optimal sperm production, which functions best at 2–3°C below core body temperature.

Testes

Each testis measures about 5 cm long and 2.5 cm in diameter, producing sperm and testosterone.
The testes descend from near the kidneys through inguinal canals during fetal development.

Tunica Vaginalis

A serous membrane surrounding the testes, derived from peritoneum.
Hydrocele is a fluid collection in the tunica vaginalis, potentially from injury or epididymitis.

Mammary Glands

Composed of lobules with alveoli that produce milk; milk flows through secondary tubules into mammary ducts and lactiferous sinuses.
Milk production is stimulated by prolactin, with support from progesterone and estrogens; oxytocin triggers milk ejection during suckling.

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Description

This quiz covers the structure and function of the larynx and trachea in the human respiratory system, including the vocal folds, vestibular folds, and main bronchi.