Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which structure is responsible for somatic motor and sensory innervation in the larynx?
Which structure is responsible for somatic motor and sensory innervation in the larynx?
Which part of the larynx is bounded inferiorly by the vestibular fold?
Which part of the larynx is bounded inferiorly by the vestibular fold?
What forms the rima glottidis?
What forms the rima glottidis?
Which of the following structures is located superior to the vocal cords?
Which of the following structures is located superior to the vocal cords?
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The infraglottic space is created by which structure?
The infraglottic space is created by which structure?
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What is the primary function of the larynx?
What is the primary function of the larynx?
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Which structure is continuous with the laryngopharynx?
Which structure is continuous with the laryngopharynx?
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What role does the hyoid bone play in phonation?
What role does the hyoid bone play in phonation?
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What type of epithelium is found superior to the vocal cord in the larynx?
What type of epithelium is found superior to the vocal cord in the larynx?
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Which part of the respiratory system includes both conducting and respiratory portions?
Which part of the respiratory system includes both conducting and respiratory portions?
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What is the primary function of the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve?
What is the primary function of the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve?
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Which muscle is exclusively innervated by the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve?
Which muscle is exclusively innervated by the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve?
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What structure serves as the inferior most cartilage of the trachea?
What structure serves as the inferior most cartilage of the trachea?
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What type of epithelium lines the trachea?
What type of epithelium lines the trachea?
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What is the role of tracheal cartilage in the respiratory system?
What is the role of tracheal cartilage in the respiratory system?
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How many lobes are present in the right lung?
How many lobes are present in the right lung?
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The trachealis muscle is located at which part of the tracheal cartilage?
The trachealis muscle is located at which part of the tracheal cartilage?
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Which intrinsic muscle of the larynx helps to close the laryngeal inlet?
Which intrinsic muscle of the larynx helps to close the laryngeal inlet?
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Which muscle is responsible for abducting the arytenoid cartilage?
Which muscle is responsible for abducting the arytenoid cartilage?
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What is the primary function of the thyroarytenoid muscle?
What is the primary function of the thyroarytenoid muscle?
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Which muscle closes the rima glottidis by pivoting?
Which muscle closes the rima glottidis by pivoting?
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Which of the following nerves is primarily responsible for laryngeal innervation?
Which of the following nerves is primarily responsible for laryngeal innervation?
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Which muscle is involved in controlling the inner dimensions of the vestibule and closing the rima vestibuli?
Which muscle is involved in controlling the inner dimensions of the vestibule and closing the rima vestibuli?
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What role does the vocalis muscle play in the larynx?
What role does the vocalis muscle play in the larynx?
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Which structure opens and closes the rima glottidis?
Which structure opens and closes the rima glottidis?
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Study Notes
Respiratory System: Introduction, Respiratory Tract, and Lungs
- Course Learning Objective: Describe gas exchange in the body by examining and identifying gross and microscopic anatomical structures in the respiratory system.
Lecture Learning Objectives
- Recall the components of the anatomical and functional divisions of the respiratory system.
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For each segment of the respiratory tract:
- Identify its primary function (in green)
- Identify its boundaries
- Identify the bolded/labeled anatomical structure.
- Link the epithelial lining to its function.
- Innervation and blood supply, when identified.
- Describe the structures and mechanisms of sound production using the anatomical structures involved.
- Take three deep breaths visualizing air passage.
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Recall the difference between respiration and ventilation and describe the processes of each:
- Explain Boyle's law and its role in ventilation.
- Define inhalation and exhalation.
- Detail the muscles of respiration and their actions.
- Describe the steps of gas exchange.
- Use anatomical organization and function of the pleura to describe pulmonary collapse.
Organization and Function
- Provides gas exchange for living cells.
- Oxygen in, carbon dioxide out
- Partners with the cardiovascular system for gas transport between atmosphere and the body's cells.
- Categorization: anatomical (upper and lower respiratory tracts) and functional (conducting and respiratory portions).
Nose and Nasal Cavity Function
- Conduction: Opens to nasopharynx via choanae.
- Filtration: Vibrissae (hair) filter inhaled air. Lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (respiratory epithelium) with mucus-producing goblet cells (G).
- Conditioning: Highly vascularized layer deep to epithelial layer; 3 nasal conchae produce turbulence.
- Olfaction: Olfactory epithelium in superior portion. lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium.
- Paranasal sinuses: Lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium.
Nasal Cavity
- Structures: septal cartilage, perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone, nasal vestibule, naris, vomer and nasal septum.
Nose and Nasal Cavity Anatomy
- Nose: Structures include nares, frontal, nasal, cribriform plate, hard palate, maxillae, 3 nasal concha, nasal septum, and choanae (openings to nasopharynx).
Nose and Nasal Cavity Anatomy
- Nasal concha form nasal meatuses (superior, middle, inferior).
- Nasal cavity: roof (frontal, nasal, cribriform plate, sphenoid); floor (hard and soft palate, maxillae and palatine) walls (maxillae, 3 nasal conchae), divided by nasal septum, and opening to nasopharynx (choanae).
Nose and Nasal Cavity Anatomy (Paranasal Sinuses)
- Paranasal sinuses (frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, maxillary) communicate with nasal cavity via openings in nasal meatuses.
Pharynx
- Extends from posterior nasal cavity to the larynx and esophagus.
- Common space for respiratory and digestive tracts (throat). Main function is conduction and defense (tonsils).
- Anatomical divisions: nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx. Each division contains specific tonsils.
Pharynx Anatomy
- Nasopharynx: superior nasal cavity/soft palate; location of pharyngotympanic tube opening and pharyngeal tonsils; respiratory function (pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium).
- Oropharynx: soft palate to hyoid bone/epiglottis; contains palatine and lingual tonsils; respiratory and digestive function (nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium).
- Laryngopharynx: hyoid to superior border of esophagus; respiratory and digestive function (nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium).
Larynx (Voice Box)
- Start of the lower respiratory tract- 9 cartilaginous pieces held together by ligaments and muscles and suspended from hyoid bone, continuous with laryngopharynx and trachea (inferiorly) and anterior to esophagus.
Larynx
- Conducts air, produces sound, and guards airway passage.
- Cartilages: hyoid, thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis, corniculate, and cuneiform.
- Vocal folds, vestibular folds, epiglottis, and glottis.
Larynx - Anterior/Lateral View
- Structures: hyoid, thyroid cartilage, thyroid notch, cricoid cartilage, trachea, cricothyroid ligament, and thyrohyoid membrane.
Larynx - Posterior View
- Epiglottis, thyrohyoid ligament, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, cornuculate cartilage, arytenoid cartilage.
Internal Laryngeal Structures
- Laryngeal inlet continuous with the vestibule.
- Vestibule is bound inferiorly by vestibular folds (false vocal folds).
- Laryngeal ventricles open laterally, bounded inferiorly by vocal folds (true vocal folds) and are continuous with laryngeal saccule.
- Vocal folds create rima glottidis, vestibular folds create rima vestibuli.
- Folds are mucosa overlying ligaments
- Conus elasticus creates infraglottic space.
Intrinsic Laryngeal Muscles
- Oblique arytenoid, transverse arytenoid.
- Posterior and lateral cricoarytenoid.
- Transverse arytenoid.
- Lateral cricoarytenoid/ and superficial/ deep.
Intrinsic Muscles of the Larynx
- Change shape of internal structures (vestibule and rima vestibuli).
- Help close the laryngeal inlet (oblique arytenoid).
- Cause arytenoid cartilage to abduct or adduct (pivot).
- Open and close rima glottidis.
- Adjust tension in vocal ligaments.
Larynx - Sound Production
- Epiglottis, vestibular fold, vocal fold, rima glottis, thyroid cartilage, arytenoid cartilage, cricoid cartilage.
- Vocal ligaments and conus elasticus.
Laryngeal Innervation
- Branches of vagus nerve:
- Superior laryngeal n. (internal branch-sensory; external branch - cricothyroid mm.)
- Recurrent laryngeal n. (all other muscles).
Trachea
- Continuous with larynx superiorly, anterior to esophagus.
- Conducts air, provides defense via cilia and mucus production in goblet cells.
- Lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.
- Cartilage: 15-20 "C" shaped tracheal cartilages connected by CT and annular ligaments, inferior most C shaped cartilage called the carina.
- Trachealis muscle located at open portion of "C", allows expansion for swallowing and contraction for coughing
Lungs
- Located within pleural cavities, one on each side of the mediastinum.
- Left lung has 2 lobes, right lung has 3 lobes; lobes divided by fissures
- Root or hilum of lungs (passage for primary bronchi, pulmonary arteries, and veins).
Lungs (Lateral View)
- Oblique and horizontal fissures divide lungs into lobes (superior, middle, inferior).
Left Lung
- Structures: root of lung (pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins, bronchi), groove for esophagus, groove for aorta, cardiac notch.
Right Lung
- Structures include root of lung, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins, bronchi, groove for esophagus, groove for superior vena cava and cardiac notch/impression
Pleura of the Lungs
- Visceral pleura directly on lungs, parietal pleura on internal thoracic walls and superior surface of diaphragm; pleural cavity potential space between each layer.
- Costodiaphragmatic recess where serous fluid collects in pleural effusion.
Blood Supply to Lungs
- Bronchial arteries directly from anterior aorta and form capillary beds (left superior and inferior bronchial; right bronchial branches).
- Bronchial veins drain into azygos and accessory hemiazygous veins.
- Alveoli and alveolar ducts exchange gas directly using pulmonary system, instead of bronchial circulation.
Bronchial Tree
- Bronchial tree in lungs begins with primary bronchi which end in terminal bronchioles.
- Location for conduction and respiration; made of cartilaginous rings that become less numerous and smaller. Eventually, the rings become scattered cartilage pieces.
- Surrounded by a complete ring of smooth muscle.
- From largest to smallest branches transitioning from pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium to simple columnar to simple cuboidal, to simple squamous
Bronchial Tree (Primary, Secondary, Tertiary)
- Primary bronchi (right and left): enter each lung at the hilum with vessels and nerves.
- Secondary (lobar) bronchi: to each lobe (three on right, two on left).
- Tertiary (segmental) bronchi: to each broncopulmonary segment.
Bronchial Tree (Structures)
- Based on anatomy, the right primary bronchus is more likely to be blocked during aspiration
Bronchial Tree (After Bronchi)
- Conducting bronchioles, terminal bronchioles (last conduction portion).
- Lined by simple columnar or simple cuboidal epithelium with no surrounding cartilage.
- Thicker layer of smooth muscle to maintain integrity to aid in bronchoconstriction and bronchodilation
Respiratory Portion
- Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli (plural of alveolus).
- Lined by simple cuboidal and simple squamous epithelium with no cartilage.
- Openings in walls allow for respiration.
Respiration and Ventilation
- Gas exchange between alveoli and pulmonary circulation, and movement of gases.
Pulmonary Ventilation - Breathing
- Caused by muscular actions, atmospheric pressure, and intrapulmonary (lung) pressure.
- Boyle's law: Pressure of a gas decreases if volume of the container increases and vice versa.
Pulmonary Ventilation - Breathing (Inhalation/Exhalation)
- Inhalation: Thoracic wall expansion increases thoracic cavity volume, decreasing intrapulmonary pressure. Air moves from higher to lower pressure.
- Exhalation: Thoracic wall compression decreases thoracic cavity volume, increasing intrapulmonary pressure. Air moves from higher to lower pressure.
Muscles of Respiration (Diaphragm)
- Diaphragm contraction flattens diaphragm causing expansion of thoracic cavity.
Muscles of Respiration (Transversus Thoracis)
- Depresses ribs,
Muscles of Respiration (Serratus Posterior Superior/Inferior, Scalenes, External/Internal Intercostals)
- Role in inhalation and exhalation, forced inhalation/exhalation and elevation/depression of ribs.
Blood Supply and Gas Exchange
- Gas enters bronchopulmonary segments via respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts lined by simple squamous epithelium.
- 300-400 million alveoli where gas exchange occurs between respiratory and cardiovascular systems. Low oxygen-containing blood enters lungs via pulmonary arteries (from right ventricle); oxygenated blood exits via pulmonary veins to the left atrium.
Lungs - Blood Supply
- Pulmonary circulation conducts blood to and from gas exchange surfaces in the lungs, replenishing oxygen and ridding blood of carbon dioxide.
- Deoxygenated blood travels through pulmonary trunk to pulmonary arteries and pulmonary capillary systems in lungs.
- Oxygenated blood travels back through pulmonary veins to the pulmonary capillary system to the left atrium.
Pleura and Pulmonary Collapse
- Lungs and internal thoracic wall are covered in pleura. Visceral pleura directly on lungs, parietal pleura lines internal thoracic walls. Pleural cavity is a potential space between them, and costodiaphragmatic recess is where serous fluid may accumulate.
External Lung Structures
- Lungs and internal thoracic wall covered in pleura; visceral pleura directly on lungs; parietal pleura on internal thoracic walls and superior surface of diaphragm; pleural cavity between each layer; costodiaphragmatic recess.
Clinical Correlation: Pulmonary Collapse
- Lungs similar to inflated balloons, if distention not maintained, inherent elasticity makes them collapse.
- Parietal and visceral pleura attached to the thoracic wall and lungs; surface tension, fluid filled pleural cavity, adheres lungs to the thoracic wall, preventing collapse.
Clinical Correlation: Pulmonary Collapse (Atelectasis)
- Primary atelectasis: collapse failure of a lung to inflate at birth.
- Secondary atelectasis: collapse of a previously inflated lung due to loss of negative pleural pressure.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the larynx's structure and function with this quiz. Explore questions about innervation, epithelium types, and muscular roles in phonation. Perfect for students of anatomy or respiratory physiology.
