Language Systems Revision
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Questions and Answers

Homonymy and polysemy refer to two different types of word meanings.

True (A)

A ________ auxiliary verb is used to express necessity, possibility, or permission.

modal

Match the following grammatical concepts with their definitions:

Anaphoric reference = Refers backward to something previously mentioned Cataphoric reference = Refers forward to something that will be mentioned Exophoric reference = Refers to something outside the text Polysemy = A word with multiple related meanings

Which type of phrase is primarily concerned with showing the relationship between a noun and other elements in a sentence?

<p>Prepositional Phrase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All articles in English can be categorized as definite or indefinite.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one of the features of connected speech affected by stress-timed languages.

<p>Reduction of unstressed vowels</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dependent prepositions are always linked to the following noun phrase.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are multi-word verbs also known as?

<p>Phrasal verbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

Prepositional phrases contain a preposition and a ______.

<p>noun phrase</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

<p>Prepositional Phrase = A group of words that begins with a preposition Dependent Preposition = A preposition whose choice depends on preceding words Multi-Word Verb = A verb combined with one or more words Phrasal Verb = Another term for multi-word verbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about dependent prepositions is accurate?

<p>Their choice can seem random. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The same preposition can have only one meaning at all times.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'infinitive' refer to when considering prepositions?

<p>To + base form of the verb</p> Signup and view all the answers

Prepositions can often be confused with ______.

<p>adverbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following phrases with their meanings:

<p>Put down = To euthanize an animal Swarm around = To gather densely around Protest at = To express dissension Failure to do = Not succeeding in accomplishing</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of multi-word verbs?

<p>May include adverbs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The choice of preposition is generally related to the meaning of the words in isolation.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What issue arises from the numerous prepositions in English?

<p>Confusion in usage and meaning</p> Signup and view all the answers

The use of 'to' can indicate ______ when used with a base verb.

<p>infinitives</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following issues with their descriptions:

<p>Patterns in form = There can be exceptions in usage Unstressed prepositions = Can go unnoticed by learners Multiple meanings = Same preposition can mean different things Confusion with adverbs = Some prepositions look similar to adverbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does locutionary meaning refer to?

<p>The literal meaning of a word or phrase. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Illocutionary force refers to the literal meaning of a statement.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a tonic syllable?

<p>The stressed syllable in an utterance where the main pitch movement takes place.</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ refer back to something previously mentioned in discourse.

<p>Anaphoric references</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between style and register?

<p>Style is concerned with formality; register is concerned with speech variety within a group. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Reduced relative clauses contain the pronoun and auxiliary verb.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify one category in which prepositions can be divided for teaching purposes.

<p>Time, place, movement, or accompaniment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A phoneme is ____ sound, while allophones are variations of that sound.

<p>an individual</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a polyseme?

<p>Row - a line of seats; row - to propel a boat. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of references to their definitions:

<p>Anaphoric = Refers back to something previously mentioned Cataphoric = Refers forward to something that is mentioned later Exophoric = Refers to something outside the text Deictic = Indicates something based on context</p> Signup and view all the answers

The preposition 'about' can indicate place.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the underlying meaning of a statement in terms of illocutionary force?

<p>The context-specific meaning intended by the speaker.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Words like 'before', 'after', and 'during' are classified as ____ .

<p>prepositions of time</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by a 'reduced relative clause'?

<p>A clause that omits the pronoun and auxiliary verb. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Phoneme

The smallest unit of sound that can change the meaning of a word.

Allophone

Variations of a phoneme that occur in different contexts.

Connected Speech

The process of linking words together in spoken language, often resulting in changes to pronunciation.

Anaphoric Reference

A word or phrase that refers back to something already mentioned in the text.

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Cataphoric Reference

A word or phrase that refers forward to something that will be mentioned later in the text.

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Exophoric Reference

A word or phrase that refers to something outside of the text, like the situation or shared knowledge.

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Homonyms

Words that have the same spelling and pronunciation but different meanings.

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Polysemy

Words that have the same spelling but different meanings, though their meanings are related.

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Locutionary Meaning

The literal meaning of a word or phrase, often described as the 'dictionary definition'.

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Illocutionary Force

The intended meaning of a word or phrase in a specific context, taking into account the speaker's intention and the situation, often referred to as the 'implied meaning'.

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Register

A speech variety shared by a particular group of people, often with a common profession, hobby, or interest.

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Style

The type of language used in a particular genre or level of formality, affecting the structure and vocabulary.

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Tonic Syllable

The stressed syllable in an utterance where the main pitch movement takes place.

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Reduced Relative Clause

A shortened relative clause where the pronoun and the auxiliary verb are omitted, resulting in a more concise phrase.

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Prepositions of Place

Prepositions that indicate the position of something relative to another object or place.

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Prepositions of Time

Prepositions that indicate the time when something happens or when a period ends.

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Prepositions of Movement

Prepositions that describe the movement or direction of something.

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Prepositions of Accompaniment

Prepositions that indicate accompaniment or association with something or someone.

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Function Words

Words that represent grammatical relationships between other words in a sentence.

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Content Words

Words that carry meaning and refer to things, people, places, actions, qualities, etc.

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What are prepositional phrases?

Prepositional phrases are groups of words that start with a preposition and include a noun phrase. They can be simple, like 'on the corner', or part of larger phrases like 'the house on the corner'.

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What is the purpose of a prepositional phrase?

A prepositional phrase provides extra information about a noun or pronoun, telling us things like location ('in the garden'), time ('at night'), or how something is done ('with care').

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Can prepositional phrases be part of larger noun phrases?

Prepositions can be part of larger noun phrases. For example, 'the house on the corner' combines a noun ('house') with a prepositional phrase ('on the corner').

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How can prepositions be categorized?

Prepositions can be categorized based on their meaning. Some express location ('in', 'on'), movement ('around', 'through'), time ('before', 'after'), and more.

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What is special about the preposition 'to'?

A preposition like 'to' can be used to form an infinitive, which is a verb with 'to' at the beginning. It is more helpful for learners to focus on infinitives rather than just calling it a preposition.

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What are dependent prepositions?

Some prepositions are 'dependent', meaning their choice depends on the preceding word (adjective or verb). For example, 'interested in' or 'dependent on'.

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What are multi-word verbs?

Multi-word verbs (or phrasal verbs) are combinations of a verb and a particle (often a preposition or adverb) which create a unique meaning. For example, 'give up' doesn't mean the same as 'give' and 'up' separately.

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What can the second word in a multi-word verb be?

The second word in a multi-word verb might be a preposition, an adverb, or a particle. It's often helpful to consider the whole phrase as a single unit.

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Why are prepositions challenging for learners?

Prepositions are often more challenging for learners because there are many of them, their choice often doesn't relate to their meaning, and they can be easily confused with adverbs. Sometimes they're even unstressed in speech, making them harder to hear.

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Are there patterns in preposition usage?

While there are patterns in preposition usage, there are exceptions. The same preposition can have multiple meanings, and sometimes more than one preposition can be correct in the same context.

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How can you prepare for an exam on prepositions?

To analyze preposition usage, brainstorm different patterns and examples, examine authentic texts, and consult grammar resources.

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What makes prepositions tricky?

The choice of preposition can be complex and not always predictable, making them challenging for learners.

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How should learners approach learning prepositions?

When learning prepositions, focus on the phrase level, as the preposition often forms part of a larger phrase. This helps learners understand both the meaning and form.

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What is the significance of prepositional phrases?

Prepositional phrases often provide essential information about the context or the action being described, making them crucial for understanding meaning.

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How do prepositions connect to other grammatical concepts?

Prepositions can act as a bridge to understanding other grammatical concepts like infinitives, multi-word verbs, and verb patterns. Learning them opens up deeper understanding of grammar.

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What is the role of prepositions in language?

Prepositions can be used to express a wide range of relationships between words, including location, time, movement, direction, and more.

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Study Notes

Language Systems Revision - Distance Delta

  • Language systems are crucial for success on the Delta course.
  • Key areas covered include phonology (sounds, stress, connected speech, intonation), verb phrases, noun phrases, written/spoken discourse, lexis, and other areas like passives, phrasal verbs, modals, genre/style, conditionals, reported speech, and adjectival clauses.
  • This revision focuses on articles, genre, modals, countable/uncountable nouns, prepositional phrases, and "-ing" vs. "to" forms.

Objectives

  • Analyze prepositional phrases and identify prepositions within texts.
  • Compare and evaluate how prepositions/prepositional phrases are taught in published materials.
  • Develop ideas for research and practice related to individual needs.

How Much Do You Remember? (Quiz)

  • Language systems are categorized as lexis, grammar, discourse, and phonology.
  • Allophones are variations of the same sound, while a phoneme is an individual sound.
  • When describing a consonant sound, ask: how is it formed, where is it formed, and is it voiced or unvoiced?
  • Anaphoric references relate back to prior text, cataphoric forward, and exophoric to outside the text.
  • Homonyms are words with the same form but different meanings (e.g., "row"). Polysemes have related meanings (e.g., "head").
  • Modal auxiliary verbs express the speaker/writer's attitude towards another verb's state.
  • English is a stress-timed language; connected speech features are affected in numerous ways, examples vary.
  • Locutionary meaning is literal meaning, illocutionary force is contextual/cultural meaning.
  • Register is a speech variety shared by a group (profession, hobby), while style is language used due to genre/formality.
  • Tonic syllable is the stressed syllable with pitch movement.
  • Reduced relative clauses omit pronouns and auxiliary verbs (e.g., "injured people").

Prepositions

  • Prepositions are challenging for learners due to multiple meanings and context dependence.
  • "Of" has many meanings (over 20 in some dictionaries), highlighting the importance of context in teaching.
  • Prepositions can be grouped into categories like time, place, movement, accompaniment, and belonging (or place/time as a single category and logical relationships).

Prepositional Phrases

  • Prepositional phrases start with a preposition and have a noun phrase.
  • They can be part of larger noun phrases.

Dependent Prepositions

  • Dependent prepositions' meaning depends on the preceding words.
  • Focus on phrase level as meaning is not always obvious in isolation.

Multi-Word Verbs

  • Multi-word verbs (or phrasal verbs) are phrases with interconnected meanings not always obvious at the word level.
  • The second word can be an adverb. It is often useful to treat them as particles to clarify their function.

Exam Preparation

  • Focus on "-ing" / "to" forms, multi-word verbs, and modal verbs.
  • Brainstorm patterns and examples. Analyze authentic texts.
  • Review relevant sections in grammar resources.
  • Compare and review published teaching materials.

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Description

Test your knowledge on key language systems essential for the Delta course. This quiz covers important areas such as phonology, verb phrases, noun phrases, and various grammatical concepts. Enhance your understanding of prepositional phrases and other critical language components.

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