Language PSYC 211: Language Acquisition
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Questions and Answers

What is a key characteristic of Broca’s Aphasia?

  • Speech is often fluent and grammatically correct.
  • Individuals have difficulty with comprehension.
  • Speech is agrammatical with short utterances. (correct)
  • It is primarily caused by damage to Wernicke's area.

    • Which statement about Wernicke's Aphasia is accurate?

  • Individuals produce speech with normal grammar but lack meaning. (correct)
  • Comprehension is relatively intact.
  • It primarily affects writing but not speaking.
  • It results from damage to Broca's area.

    • How does the perception of color categories differ among Russian and English speakers?

  • Color perception is unaffected by language.
  • English speakers show faster reaction times than Russian speakers.
  • Russian speakers have faster reaction times to two distinct blue categories. (correct)
  • Both groups react equally to color categories.

    • What is the current understanding of the causes of expressive aphasia?

    <p>Damage to deeper brain structures can also contribute to expressive aphasia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines aphasia?

    <p>The disruption of language due to brain-related disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three big requirements for speech comprehension?

    <p>Phonological processing, lexical processing, and parsing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does lexical processing primarily entail?

    <p>Matching words to their meanings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle of minimal attachment in the context of parsing?

    <p>Attaching the fewest number of nodes to create a grammatical interpretation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the principle of late closure affect sentence processing?

    <p>It promotes re-evaluating previous interpretations upon encountering new information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Garden-Path model, what is meant by 'preferred interpretations'?

    <p>The interpretations that require the least cognitive effort</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does violating the principle of late closure have on processing sentences?

    <p>It necessitates re-assigning previous words to new interpretations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is syntax related to parsing in language comprehension?

    <p>It's analyzed to decompose language into understandable parts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of context on lexical processing?

    <p>It enhances the accuracy of word meaning matches.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition arises from damage to Wernicke’s area?

    <p>Receptive aphasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which white matter tract connects Wernicke’s area to Broca’s area?

    <p>Arcuate fasciculus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of language and music, which aspect relates to the organization of elements?

    <p>Syntactic organization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do rhythm and pitch share between music and speech?

    <p>Hierarchical structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement reflects a disagreement on the relationship between music and language?

    <p>They have completely separate processing abilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does comprehension in receptive aphasia manifest?

    <p>Severe impairment in understanding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element of music can be compared to intonation in language?

    <p>Melody</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of language acquisition is primarily highlighted in the content?

    <p>Learning through interaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary challenge associated with phonological processing?

    <p>Segmenting speech signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following defines morphemes?

    <p>The smallest meaningful unit of speech</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does semantics play in language comprehension?

    <p>It influences how syntax is understood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes lexical processing?

    <p>It is impacted by context and word frequency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does parsing refer to in the context of language comprehension?

    <p>Analyzing sentence structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a phoneme?

    <p>The letter 's'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Garden-Path Model is associated with which aspect of language?

    <p>Parsing sentences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does frequent usage emphasize in word processing?

    <p>The process meaning consistent with common usage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes lexical decision tasks from other forms of testing?

    <p>They involve the judgment of word versus non-word status</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In lexical decision tasks, what does a faster response time indicate?

    <p>Stronger mental activation or representation of the word</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do lexical decision tasks help resolve semantic ambiguity?

    <p>They test for multiple meanings of a word before selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be inferred from measuring the response times in lexical decision tasks?

    <p>The depth of word meaning processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of words may take longer to process in a lexical decision task?

    <p>Words with multiple meanings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary finding of Swinney et al. (1979) regarding ambiguous words?

    <p>All meanings of an ambiguous word are activated simultaneously</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of lexical processing, which scenario would most likely alter the interpretation of 'threw the bat'?

    <p>The context surrounding the sentence changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary assertion of behaviourist views on language acquisition?

    <p>Language acquisition is a result of reinforcement and modelling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept opposes behaviourist views by highlighting the insufficient exposure to language?

    <p>Poverty of the Stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Nativist views, what is Universal Grammar?

    <p>An innate cognitive structure for language learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What evidence supports Nativism in language acquisition?

    <p>The spontaneous development of grammar by congenitally deaf children.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do pidgin languages play in the argument for Nativism?

    <p>They serve as a bridge between the absence of grammar and the emergence of creole languages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the recent challenge to Nativism regarding large language models suggest?

    <p>Human-level language can be achieved through learning alone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What finding did Goldin-Meadow and Mylander observe in their analysis of gestures made by congenitally deaf children?

    <p>They found similarities between gestures and spoken languages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following options is considered a Nativist approach in computational cognitive modeling?

    <p>Providing basic linguistic rules to the AI.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Course Information

    • Course name: Language
    • Course code: PSYC 211
    • Semester: Fall 2024

    Outline

    • Basics of language acquisition
    • Major views on language acquisition (learning)
    • Language comprehension (focus on comprehension)
    • Language and cognition
    • Language disorders
    • The language-music connection

    Learning Outcomes

    • Define language and provide examples of structural components
    • Describe features that make language hierarchical
    • Define syntax and semantics, giving examples
    • Define and compare major views on language acquisition
    • Explain evidence for and challenges to the nativist view
    • Describe phonological, lexical, and parsing processes in language comprehension
    • Explain how word frequency and context impact lexical processing
    • Define and explain the Garden-Path Model
    • Explain how semantics interacts with syntax
    • Identify language disorders including aphasia, Broca's aphasia, and Wernicke's aphasia
    • Describe the neurobiological basis of language disorders
    • Answer questions about how language influences music perception
    • Explain the shared features of music and language

    What is Language?

    • Complex and hierarchical communication system
    • Symbolic and arbitrary (words don't directly relate to objects)
    • Includes sign language

    Basic Structural Components of Language

    • Phonemes: Basic units of sound
    • Syllables: Combinations of phonemes
    • Morphemes: Smallest meaningful units of speech
    • Words: Combinations of phonemes and morphemes
    • Phrases and sentences: Combinations of words

    Five Levels of Analysis

    • An example sentence is analyzed from sentence to phonemes
    • The diagram shows how sentence structure is broken into smaller units

    Syntax and Semantics

    • Syntax: Rules for combining words in language
    • Semantics: Meaning of language

    Major Views on Language Acquisition

    • Behaviorism: Language learning through reinforcement and modeling
    • Nativism: Innate knowledge of language is required

    Nativist View: Evidence & Challenges

    • Pidgins and Creoles: Children of pidgin speakers develop creole languages
    • Congenitally deaf children: Develop grammatical systems through gestures
    • Recent challenge: large language models can also determine relationships between words

    Language Comprehension: Phonology

    • Phonological processing: Recognizing phonemes and morphemes
    • Challenge: Segmenting continuous speech signals
    • Solutions: Statistical Learning, detecting patterns in speech, analyzing transitional probabilities

    Language Comprehension: Lexicon

    • Lexical processing: Matching words to their meanings
    • Challenge: Words with multiple meanings or similar sounds
    • Cues: Word frequency and context

    Language Comprehension: Parsing

    • Parsing: Giving structure to strings of words in sentences
    • Models:
      • Garden Path Model: Preferred interpretations, updating understanding if necessary, minimal attachment
      • Dependency Locality Theory (DLL): Integration of words in space-time

    Language Disorders (Aphasias)

    • Aphasia: Brain-related disruption of language
    • Broca's aphasia: Difficulty with speech production (expressive)
    • Wernicke's aphasia: Difficulty with speech comprehension (receptive)

    Music and Language

    • Shared acoustic properties: rhythm, pitch
    • Shared structural organization: Similar rule-based organization
    • Shared processing resources: Shared Syntactic Integration Resource Hypothesis (SSIRH)
    • Language affects music perception

    Additional Notes

    • The slides include examples and diagrams to illustrate concepts
    • There are questions to prompt reflection and discussion

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    Related Documents

    PSYC 211 Fall 2024 Language PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers key concepts in language acquisition, including major theories, language comprehension, and the connection between language and cognition. You will explore structural components of language, syntax and semantics, and various language disorders. Test your understanding of how these elements interact in the context of learning and comprehension.

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