Language of Medicine Chapter 11
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the cardiovascular system?

  • To process waste materials
  • To assist in digestion
  • To deliver oxygen and nutrients to body tissues (correct)
  • To regulate body temperature

Which type of blood vessels move deoxygenated blood toward the heart?

  • Aorta
  • Veins (correct)
  • Arteries
  • Capillaries

What are capillaries primarily responsible for?

  • Transporting blood away from the heart
  • Carrying waste products to the heart
  • Storing blood
  • Exchanging oxygen and nutrients with body cells (correct)

Which of the following components serves as the muscular pump in the cardiovascular system?

<p>Heart (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes veins from arteries?

<p>Veins move blood toward the heart (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two phases of the heartbeat?

<p>Diastole and systole (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which valve is located between the left atrium and left ventricle?

<p>Mitral valve (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the sinoatrial node (SA node) in the heart?

<p>Originates electrical impulses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes the 'lubb' sound during the heartbeat?

<p>Closure of the tricuspid and mitral valves (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much blood does the heart pump with each contraction?

<p>3 ounces (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the atrioventricular node (AV node)?

<p>Sends excitation waves to the Bundle of His (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During systole, which valves are closed to create the 'dubb' sound?

<p>Pulmonary and aortic valves (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the average heart rate in beats per minute?

<p>70 to 80 beats (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the double-layered membrane surrounding the heart?

<p>Pericardium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of the heartbeat is referred to as contraction?

<p>Systole (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common result of congestive heart disease (CHF)?

<p>Pulmonary edema (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a condition associated with coronary artery disease?

<p>Atherosclerosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary underlying issue in coronary artery disease (CAD)?

<p>Coronary artery blockage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a symptom of myocardial infarction?

<p>Severe chest pain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which surgical therapy is often employed for coronary artery disease?

<p>Coronary artery bypass grafting (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition can occur due to untreated hypertension?

<p>Aneurysm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which arrhythmia refers to rapid, random, inefficient, and irregular contractions of the atria and ventricles?

<p>Fibrillation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common diagnostic procedure that provides real-time imaging of the heart's structure using sound waves?

<p>Echocardiography (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which procedure involves the surgical placement of a graft to bypass a narrowed coronary artery?

<p>Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which imaging technique utilizes radioactive materials to evaluate heart function and blood flow?

<p>Positron emission tomography (PET) scan (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of Holter monitoring in cardiac care?

<p>To provide continuous ECG monitoring over 24-48 hours (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential treatment method for clearing blocked arteries during acute myocardial infarction?

<p>Thrombolytic therapy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of diagnostic test is a Doppler ultrasound primarily used for?

<p>Measuring blood flow and pressure in the blood vessels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of angiography in cardiac diagnostics?

<p>To visualize the interior of blood vessels using contrast dye (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following procedures is included in percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)?

<p>Stent placement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the abbreviation 'CABG' stand for?

<p>Coronary artery bypass grafting (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the type of heart failure indicated by an increase in ejection fraction?

<p>Heart function improvement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which abbreviation refers to 'Atrial fibrillation'?

<p>AF (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'DVT' stand for in medical terminology?

<p>Deep vein thrombosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following procedures involves the use of a catheter to investigate heart conditions?

<p>Catheterization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by the abbreviation 'MI'?

<p>Myocardial infarction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a meaning of the abbreviation 'PCI'?

<p>Percutaneous coronary intervention (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is referred to by the abbreviation 'SCD'?

<p>Sudden cardiac death (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the heart's electrical activity recorded by an ECG?

<p>Electrocardiography (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the Bundle of His in the heart?

<p>To form conduction myofibers that stimulate ventricles to contract (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which wave on an electrocardiogram (ECG) indicates the spread of excitation over the atria?

<p>P wave (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a displacement in the S-T segment of an ECG typically indicate?

<p>A potential heart attack (MI) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is blood pressure expressed mathematically?

<p>As a fraction of systolic over diastolic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'systole' refer to?

<p>The contraction phase of the heartbeat (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do coronary arteries distribute blood?

<p>To the heart muscle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the sinoatrial node in the heart?

<p>It starts the heartbeat and acts as a pacemaker (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a murmur in the context of heart sounds?

<p>An abnormal sound caused by improper valve closure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a sphygmomanometer?

<p>To measure blood pressure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'diastole' indicate?

<p>The relaxation phase of the heartbeat (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of veins in the circulatory system?

<p>To carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the tricuspid valve?

<p>To allow blood to flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which chamber of the heart is responsible for pumping blood to the body?

<p>Left ventricle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'apex of the heart' refer to?

<p>The lower tip of the heart (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cardiovascular system function

Delivers oxygen and nutrients to body cells.

Artery function

Carries blood away from the heart.

Vein function

Carries deoxygenated blood to the heart.

Capillary function

Facilitates exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste with body cells.

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Blood vessel types

Arteries, veins, and capillaries make up the blood vessel network.

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Heart Valves

Structures that regulate blood flow through the heart chambers, preventing backflow.

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Cardiac Cycle

The sequence of events involved in one heartbeat, consisting of diastole (relaxation) and systole (contraction).

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Heart Sounds

Distinct sounds created by the closing of heart valves during the cardiac cycle.

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SA Node

The heart's natural pacemaker, initiating electrical impulses that trigger heart contractions.

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AV Node

Component of the heart's conduction system that distributes electrical signals to the ventricles.

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Tricuspid Valve

Valve located between the right atrium and right ventricle, regulates blood flow.

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Diastole

Phase of the cardiac cycle where the heart relaxes and fills with blood.

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Systole

Phase of the cardiac cycle where the heart contracts and pumps blood.

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Heart membrane

The double-layered membrane surrounding the heart.

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Contraction phase

The phase of the heartbeat where the heart muscle contracts.

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Heart block

A type of arrhythmia where electrical signals are blocked in the heart.

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Congenital heart disease

An abnormality in the structure of the heart present at birth.

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Coronary artery disease

A condition where the arteries supplying the heart with blood are narrowed.

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Myocardial infarction

A heart attack; death of heart muscle tissue.

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Congestive heart failure

A condition where the heart is unable to pump enough blood.

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Blood vessel aneurysm

A bulge or weakness in a blood vessel wall.

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Bundle of His

Conduction myofibers that extend to ventricle walls, stimulating contraction, initiating systole.

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ECG/EKG

Electrocardiogram; records electrical changes in heart muscle during a heartbeat.

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P wave

ECG wave representing atrial excitation before contraction.

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QRS wave

ECG wave showing ventricular excitation and contraction.

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T wave

ECG wave showing ventricular recovery and relaxation.

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Heart attack (MI)

Myocardial infarction; recognized by S-T segment elevation on ECG.

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Blood pressure

Force of blood against arterial walls.

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Systolic pressure

Highest pressure during heart contraction.

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Diastolic pressure

Lowest pressure during heart relaxation.

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Aorta

Largest artery in the body, carries oxygenated blood away from the heart.

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Apex of the heart

Lower tip of the heart.

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Artery

Blood vessel carrying blood away from the heart.

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Atrioventricular Bundle (Bundle of His)

Specialized muscle fibers connecting atria and ventricles, transmitting electrical impulses.

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Atrioventricular Node (AV node)

Specialized tissue between the atria, receives electrical impulses from pacemaker, transmits them toward ventricles.

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Atrial Fibrillation

Rapid, irregular, inefficient contractions of the atria and ventricles (350+ bpm).

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BNP test

A blood test to measure the level of BNP, a hormone released by the heart in response to stress.

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Cardiac Catheterization

A procedure where a thin tube is inserted into a blood vessel to examine the heart and blood vessels.

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ECG/EKG

A test that records the electrical activity of the heart.

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Angiography

A technique that visualizes blood vessels using X-rays and contrast dye.

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Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG)

Surgical procedure to bypass blocked coronary arteries.

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Cardioversion

A procedure to restore a normal heart rhythm using electric shock.

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Stress Test

A test that measures how the heart responds to exertion or stress.

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PCI

Percutaneous coronary intervention, a procedure for treating narrowed coronary arteries.

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AAA

Abdominal aortic aneurysm; a bulge in the abdominal aorta.

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ACE inhibitor

A medication that helps lower blood pressure by preventing the body from producing a substance that narrows blood vessels.

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ACS

Acute coronary syndrome, a group of conditions involving sudden blockage of blood flow to the heart.

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CABG

Coronary artery bypass grafting, a surgical procedure that improves blood flow to the heart by using a healthy blood vessel from another part of the body to create a detour around blocked coronary arteries

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CAD

Coronary artery disease; a condition affecting the arteries that supply blood to the heart.

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MI

Myocardial infarction; a heart attack, resulting from blockage of blood flow.

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STEMI

ST-elevation myocardial infarction, a type of heart attack characterized by a significant elevation of the ST segment on an electrocardiogram.

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ECG

Electrocardiography; a diagnostic test that measures the electrical activity of the heart.

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PTCA

Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, a procedure to open blocked coronary arteries using a balloon catheter.

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Study Notes

Language of Medicine 13th Edition

  • Davi-Ellen Chabner is the author.
  • The publication date is 2025

Chapter 11 - Cardiovascular System

  • The chapter focuses on the cardiovascular system
  • Goals include identifying heart parts, blood vessels and their functions in blood circulation.
  • The chapter outlines tracing the pathway of blood through the heart.
  • The chapter covers major pathological conditions of the heart and blood vessels.
  • This also includes combining forms, lab tests and abbreviations related to the Cardiovascular System.
  • Defining combining forms pertaining to cardiovascular system is included.
  • The information helps with understanding medical terms in reports and records.

Introduction

  • The cardiovascular system's role is delivering oxygen and nutrients to the body's tissues.
  • The heart acts as the muscular pump.
  • The circulatory system is composed of blood vessels acting as the transportation and fuel network.

Blood Vessels and Circulation

  • Arteries carry blood away from the heart.
  • Veins transport deoxygenated blood to the heart.
  • Capillaries facilitate the exchange of oxygen and nutrients into body cells and waste products.

Blood Vessels Structure

  • A diagram shows artery composition: outer layer, muscle layer, elastic layer, inner layer, endothelium.
  • A diagram illustrates vein structure: outer layer, muscle layer, inner layer, valves, endothelium.
  • A diagram highlights capillary structure with endothelium.

Blood Circulation/Systemic Circulation

  • A diagram illustrates the circulation, showing the pulmonary and systemic circulation.
  • Blood circulates through, for example, the heart, arteries, arterioles, capillaries and veins.
  • Oxygen-rich and poor blood is exchanged.

Aorta and Arteries

  • A diagram displays major arteries branching off the aorta.
    • Common carotid artery, Axillary artery, Renal artery, Brachial artery, Radial artery, Femoral artery etc.

Anatomy of the Heart

  • A list details heart structures: Superior vena cava, Inferior vena cava, Right atrium, Tricuspid valve, Right ventricle, Pulmonary valve, Pulmonary artery, Pulmonary veins, Left atrium, Mitral valve, Left ventricle, Aortic valve, Aorta.

Major Heart Valves

  • Tricuspid valve is between the right atrium and ventricle.
  • Pulmonary valve is between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery.
  • Mitral valve is between the left atrium and left ventricle.
  • Aortic valve is between the left atrium and the aorta.

Pathway Through the Heart

  • A detailed diagram demonstrates the flow of blood through each heart part.
  • Blood travels from the superior and inferior vena cava, through the heart and to the lungs to be oxygenated.

Heartbeat

  • The heartbeat contains two phases: diastole and systole.
  • Diastole is the relaxation phase, systole is the contraction phase.
  • The diastole-systole cycle occurs around 70 to 80 times per minute.
  • The average heart pumps 3 ounces of blood with each contraction.

Heart Sounds

  • Heart sounds "lubb-dubb, lubb-dubb" are associated with valve closure.
  • The "lubb" sound marks the start of systole with tricuspid and mitral valves closing.
  • The "dubb" sound marks the end of systole with aortic and pulmonary valves closing.
  • A murmur signifies abnormal heart sounds due to improper valve closure.

Heartbeat Phases

  • A diagram shows the different phases of heartbeat, including the opening and closing of valves.

Conduction System of the Heart

  • Sinoatrial (SA) node is the heart's pacemaker.
  • The SA node generates electrical impulses initiating atria contraction and emptying blood into ventricles which ends the diastolic phase.
  • Atrioventricular (AV) node sends the excitation wave to the Bundle of His.
  • The Bundle of His helps the ventricles contract, marking the start of systole.
  • An ECG or EKG records electrical changes in heart muscle.

Electrocardiogram

  • P wave depicts atria excitation.
  • QRS wave represents ventricle excitation.
  • T wave indicates ventricle recovery.
  • Changes in the ECG can point to myocardial conditions like a heart attack (MI).

Blood Pressure

  • Blood pressure measures the force exerted on arterial walls.
  • A sphygmomanometer measures this pressure.
  • Blood pressure is recorded as systolic/diastolic pressure (e.g., 120/80 mm Hg).

Vocabulary (Slide 1 of 22)

  • Key listed medical terms related to the cardiovascular system

Vocabulary (various slides)

  • A collection of cardiovascular-related terms with definitions.

Combining Forms and Terminology (various slides)

  • A list of combining forms and related medical terms.

Quick Quiz Questions

  • Various questions addressing knowledge learned.

Pathology: Heart (various slides)

  • Specific heart diseases and conditions, including arrhythmias, congenital heart disease, congestive heart failure, and coronary artery disease (CAD) are defined.
  • Includes risk factor, causes and treatment options for the listed diseases.

Pathology: Blood Vessels (various slides)

  • A listing of blood vessel diseases with their meanings.

Laboratory Tests

  • Blood tests, such as BNP test, cardiac biomarkers, lipid test profile and lipoprotein electrophoresis.

Clinical Procedures: Diagnostic (various slides)

  • Different diagnostic procedures for cardiovascular conditions, including X-ray angiography, computerized tomography angiography, digital subtraction angiography, electron beam computed tomography, ultrasound, Doppler ultrasound, echocardiography, nuclear cardiology (PET scan, Technetium TC 99m scan, thallium-201), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), cardiac catheterization, and electrocardiography (ECG or EKG).

Clinical Procedures: Treatment (various slides)

  • Detailed methods for treatment, including cardioversion, endarterectomy, extracorporeal circulation, heart transplantation, thrombolytic therapy, transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR), coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

Treatment Procedures (PCI)

  • Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) involves procedures: percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), stent placement, laser angioplasty, and atherectomy.

Abbreviations (various slides)

  • Short-form abbreviations used commonly in the topic with meanings

Review Sheet – Combining Forms (various slides)

  • A review sheet with a list of combining medical terms.

Review Sheet – Suffixes (various slides)

  • A list of medical prefixes and their meanings.

Review Sheet – Prefixes (various slides)

  • A list of medical prefixes and their meanings.

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The Language of Medicine 13th Edition PDF

Description

Explore Chapter 11 of the Language of Medicine 13th Edition, focusing on the cardiovascular system. Understand the anatomy and functions of heart parts and blood vessels, trace the pathway of blood flow, and learn about related pathological conditions. This quiz will enhance your knowledge of medical terminology pertinent to the cardiovascular system.

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