Cardiovascular System - Anatomy and Function

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Questions and Answers

What occurs during isovolumetric relaxation in the cardiac cycle?

Both AV and SL valves are open.

Blood is ejected from the ventricles.

AV valves are closed and SL valves are closed. (correct)

Atria are contracting and filling the ventricles.

What triggers the opening of the AV valves during the ventricular filling phase?

Decreased pressure in the atria.

Atrial blood pressure exceeding ventricular pressure. (correct)

Increased pressure in the ventricles.

Contraction of the ventricles.

What is the volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole known as?

Stroke volume.

End-diastolic volume. (correct)

End-systolic volume.

Atrial pressure.

During ventricular systole, what occurs after the AV valves close?

Isovolumetric contraction occurs. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the stroke volume (SV) during ventricular ejection?

Ventricular pressure exceeds the pressure in the vessels. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism that allows blood to flow from one chamber of the heart to another?

Pressure differences between chambers Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the cardiac cycle does the heart eject blood?

Systole Signup and view all the answers

Which events are coordinated during a single cardiac cycle?

Atrial contraction, ventricular contraction and valve actions Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during diastole in the cardiac cycle?

Chambers fill with blood Signup and view all the answers

What can result from incomplete filling or ejection of blood during the cardiac cycle?

Inadequate pumping to tissues Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during ventricular systole?

Blood pressure within the ventricles increases Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanical activities are involved in the cardiac cycle?

Contraction and relaxation of both atria and ventricles Signup and view all the answers

What is the importance of alternating periods of contraction and relaxation in the heart?

It prevents blood pooling in the chambers Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the cardiac cycle during mid to late diastole?

Filling of the ventricles Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about ventricular filling is correct?

Approximately 70-80% of ventricular filling is passive. Signup and view all the answers

During isovolumetric contraction, what is true about the heart valves?

All four heart valves are momentarily closed. Signup and view all the answers

What is the volume of blood ejected from the ventricles called?

Stroke Volume (SV) Signup and view all the answers

What follows the depolarization of the SA node during atrial contraction?

Atrial contraction Signup and view all the answers

What happens when ventricular pressure exceeds the pressure in the aorta?

Semilunar valves open. Signup and view all the answers

What occurs right after the atria contract in late diastole?

The maximum filling of the ventricles takes place. Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the ventricles during late diastole?

Ventricles are relaxed and filling with blood. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cardiovascular System - Continued

The cardiovascular system's anatomy includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood flow/circulation.
Cardiac cells and their electrophysiology are vital for heart function.
Cardiac function involves the cardiac cycle, consisting of systole (contraction) and diastole (relaxation).
Blood flows from high to low pressure. Contraction creates high pressure, while relaxation creates low pressure.
The cardiac cycle is the coordination of heart's filling and emptying process. It is driven by electrical signals causing muscle contraction and relaxation.
Contraction (systole) ejects blood while relaxation (diastole) fills the chambers. Incomplete filling or ejection can hinder proper blood flow.
The cardiac cycle's phases are a summary of all mechanical activities during a heartbeat. This is from the beginning of one heartbeat to the next. The cycle involves diastole, a relaxation period for filling with blood, and systole, a contraction period for ejection.
Events during the cardiac cycle describe atrial/ventricular muscle contraction/relaxation, AV valve actions, SL valve actions, blood volume in the heart, and blood pressure, in addition to heart sounds. The cycle includes mid to late diastole, ventricular systole, and early ventricular diastole.
The cardiac cycle begins during mid or late diastole when the ventricles are filling. Two major components are ventricular filling and atrial contraction where the atria are relaxed and fill with blood and the ventricles are relaxed and fill with blood. Atrial valves are open and semilunar valves are closed.
Ventricles are relaxed with low pressure in mid-late diastole. Most ventricular filling is passive, as blood flows into the ventricles from atria.
Atrial contraction follows SA node depolarization. This causes a slight rise in atrial pressure and forces blood into ventricles.
Ventricular systole begins with two phases: isovolumetric contraction followed by ventricular ejection.
Isovolumetric contraction is when all four valves are closed momentarily. Pressure in ventricles exceeds atrial pressure, AV valves close and the semilunar valves remain closed. Then ventricular pressure is greater than pressure in pulmonary trunk or aorta, opening the semilunar valves causing blood to eject into the aorta.
Ventricular ejection occurs when pressure of ventricles is greater than the pressure in the pulmonary trunk or aorta; this opens semilunar valves and ejects blood into the ventricles.
Ventricular diastole begins with isovolumetric relaxation. All four valves are closed and the ventricles relax. Semilunar valves close. Ventricular pressure drops below atrial pressure, causing AV valves to open and allow filling. Blood flows from atria to ventricles.
In early diastole, blood pressure in atria exceeds ventricular, causing AV valves open allowing blood in from atria; this leads to passive ventricular filling.
Atrial systole begins with atrial contractions, opening AV valves, causing blood to flow into ventricles. It ends with AV valves closing as ventricles are now full, ending diastole, and making the end-diastolic volume (EDV).
Ventricular systole involves contraction building pressure, isovolumetric contraction (closing AV valves), ventricular ejection (opening semilunar valves and ejection), and the calculation of stroke volume (SV). Following this is ventricular pressure falling causing semilunar valves to close and the ventricles contain end-systolic volume (ESV).
During ventricular diastole, ventricular pressure drops below atrial pressure that opens AV valves to cause passive atrial filling.

Cardiac Cycle Timing

The cardiac cycle has stages that happen in a continuous, circular pattern. Time is depicted in milliseconds (msec), not seconds (seconds) or minutes.

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Description

Explore the anatomy and function of the cardiovascular system with this quiz. Test your knowledge on the heart's structure, blood flow dynamics, and the crucial phases of the cardiac cycle. Understand how pressure effects and electrical signals regulate heart activity.