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Questions and Answers
Which of these strategies involves the identification, retention, and retrieval of language elements?
What type of strategies deal with planning, monitoring, and evaluation of language learning activities?
Affective strategies are focused on the cognitive aspects of language learning.
False
Which learning strategy encourages interaction with users of the language?
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What should strategy training be considered as part of?
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What must students learn to do with their preferred learning strategies?
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Teachers should provide ample opportunities for practice in strategy instruction.
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What did Nunan's research project aim to improve in students?
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What skills are essential for strategic and independent learners?
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What type of strategies involve the identification, retention, and retrieval of language elements?
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Metacognitive strategies deal with the emotional regulation of learners.
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What are affective strategies used for?
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What is the role of social strategies in language learning?
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According to Oxford, what should strategy training do in the classroom?
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Students should be taught to identify and analyze their preferred learning strategies by means of ______.
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What was the goal of Nunan's action research project?
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Learning strategies are considered an inactive area of research.
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Study Notes
Learning Strategies Research
- Research on language learning strategies began with the "good language learner studies" published in 1998.
- Numerous studies have been conducted since then to examine different aspects of learning strategies and their roles in language acquisition.
- Oxford (1990) categorized language learning strategies into four main types: cognitive, metacognitive, affective, and social.
Cognitive Strategies
- Focus on identifying, retaining, and retrieving language elements.
- Examples include using memory-enhancing techniques like the keyword method to remember new vocabulary.
Metacognitive Strategies
- Involve planning, monitoring, and evaluating language learning activities.
- Learners can develop plans for monitoring their progress by comparing their current proficiency with curriculum goals.
Affective Strategies
- Regulate emotions, attitudes, and motivation.
- Learners may read simplified books to develop a positive attitude towards reading materials.
Social Strategies
- Involve interacting with language users.
- Learners can seek opportunities to speak the target language with native speakers.
Implications for ESL Instruction
- Learning strategy training should be integrated into regular classroom activities.
- Instruction should be embedded within meaningful communicative contexts.
- Teachers should explicitly explain and model strategy use and provide opportunities for practice.
- Strategy training requires time and consistent effort, potentially taking months or years to develop effectiveness.
- Teachers are encouraged to engage in classroom research to understand factors that influence the choice and skillful use of strategies.
Encouraging Active Learning
- Nunan's action research project aimed to make students more active learners and aware of the language learning process.
- The project demonstrated that tasks and activities encouraging reflection on learning can be incorporated into the curriculum.
- These activities help learners develop self-checking, monitoring, and evaluation skills, essential for becoming strategic and independent learners.
- The research findings also highlighted a shift in student focus from "what to learn" to "how to learn," emphasizing communicative dimensions.
Good Language Learner Studies
- Focus on identifying, retaining, and retrieving language elements.
- Examples include using memory-enhancing strategies like the keyword method to help remember new words.
Metacognitive Strategies
- Plan, monitor, and evaluate language learning activities.
- Students can develop a plan to monitor their progress by comparing their current proficiency with course goals.
Affective Strategies
- Regulate emotions, attitudes, and motivation.
- Students may read simplified books to develop a positive attitude towards reading materials.
Social Strategies
- Involve interacting with native speakers of the language.
- Students may deliberately seek out opportunities to use the target language with native speakers.
Learning Strategies Instruction Implications
- Strategy training should be an integral part of regular classroom activities and embedded in meaningful communication.
- Students should be taught to identify and analyze their preferred learning strategies using diaries, learning journals, interviews, and surveys.
- Teachers should provide explicit explanations and modeling of strategy use and opportunities for practice.
- Strategy training takes time and may require months or years to use strategies effectively.
Oxford's Conclusion on Learning Strategies
- Teachers should conduct research in their own classrooms to understand the factors influencing the choice and use of learning strategies.
Nunan's Action Research Project
- Designed to make students more active in their learning and aware of language learning processes for greater control over their own learning.
- Tasks and activities encouraging reflection on learning should be incorporated into the curriculum, as these help learners develop skills in self-checking, monitoring, and evaluation.
- The project's outcome demonstrated that by the end, students were more concerned with how to learn rather than what to learn, emphasizing the communicative dimension of learning.
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Description
Explore the various learning strategies in language acquisition, including cognitive, metacognitive, and affective strategies. This quiz will test your understanding of how these strategies impact language learning and memory retention. Gain insights into the role of emotion and motivation in the language learning process.
