Language Function and Notional Categories

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Questions and Answers

Which of these fields analyzes the social and contextual influences on language?

  • Cognitive Science
  • Neurolinguistics
  • Cognitive Linguistics
  • Pragmatics (correct)

What perspective emphasizes the interconnectedness of individual and social elements in cognition?

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Discourse Analysis
  • Sociocultural Theory (correct)
  • Psycholinguistics

What does the text suggest about the development of language and cognition?

  • They are solely determined by individual biological factors.
  • They are primarily shaped by social interaction. (correct)
  • They are controlled by a complex interplay of environmental and biological factors.
  • They are primarily shaped by innate language acquisition devices.

Which of the following is NOT a subfield that contributes to the psychological perspective of language acquisition?

<p>Discourse Analysis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact has the psycholinguistic perspective had on the study of second language acquisition?

<p>It has influenced current leading theories in the field. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a key concept highlighted in the text, indicating that language use is often collaborative rather than solely individual?

<p>Co-construction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The text suggests that understanding language learning and use requires considering both individual and social factors. What is the term used to describe the interaction between an individual and their environment?

<p>Sociocultural endowment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The text mentions that 'most language use (spoken or written) is co-constructed with others and not simply the product of one individual acting alone in a vacuum'. What does this statement emphasize?

<p>The social nature of language use and the need for collaboration. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about the dynamic nature of language learning?

<p>Language learning is affected by various factors that influence each other. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of the dynamic and fluid nature of language learning?

<p>Learners' willingness to communicate is solely determined by their innate language aptitude. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods are being adapted from other fields to study the dynamic and complex nature of language learning?

<p>Dynamic Systems Theory, Complexity Theory, and Chaos Theory. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following research tools is mentioned as a way to examine the brain's language processing?

<p>Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary focus of the research that began in the early 1970s regarding language learning?

<p>The role of learners as active participants in the learning process. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of how different areas of Applied Linguistics are interconnected?

<p>Understanding the social context of language use is crucial for developing effective language teaching materials. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main objective of the research that compared 'good' and 'poor' learners?

<p>To identify specific learning strategies that were associated with better performance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the initial assumption about the relationship between strategy training and language proficiency?

<p>Strategy training was assumed to have a direct and positive impact on language proficiency. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest about the future of research on language learning?

<p>Dynamic systems theory and related approaches are likely to play an increasingly important role. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the current understanding of the relationship between strategy use and language learning?

<p>Effective strategy use can facilitate language learning, but the exact impact is still being explored. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'WTC' stand for?

<p>Willingness to Communicate (F)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key characteristic of prescriptive grammars?

<p>They make distinctions between correct and incorrect forms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT mentioned in the text as a factor that affects language learning?

<p>Age of acquisition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is NOT specifically mentioned as influencing language learning?

<p>Gender (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the asterisk (*) symbol indicate in the provided text?

<p>A form that is ungrammatical or inappropriate. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Chapter 10 in the book?

<p>The impact of individual differences on language learning. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between descriptive and prescriptive grammars?

<p>Descriptive grammars aim to describe language, while prescriptive grammars aim to prescribe rules for correct usage. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following language skills is NOT dedicated a separate chapter in the book?

<p>Grammar (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main components of grammar, according to the text?

<p>Morphology and syntax (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of a pedagogical grammar?

<p>Meeting the needs of second-language learners and teachers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main point that the text makes about teaching language skills?

<p>Language skills are interconnected and should be taught in an integrated manner. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is TRUE about the relationship between descriptive and prescriptive grammar in second-language teaching?

<p>Pedagogical grammar borrows from both descriptive and prescriptive approaches. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a feature of descriptive grammars?

<p>Prescribing rules for correct language usage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the sentence 'The cow ate the corn', the word 'ate' exhibits which grammatical feature?

<p>Past tense (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between structural and notional syllabuses?

<p>Structural syllabuses focus on grammatical rules, while notional syllabuses prioritize communicative functions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which teaching approach tends to prioritize fluency over accuracy?

<p>Communicative language teaching. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Widdowson's main criticism of approaches that focus solely on functional considerations?

<p>They can lead to a lack of necessary grammatical knowledge. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the problem with approaches that emphasize only grammatical rules?

<p>They can lead to a lack of understanding of how language is used in real-world situations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main aim of cognitive grammar and construction grammar?

<p>To combine form and meaning in language. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Widdowson suggest as the best approach to teaching grammar?

<p>An approach that combines both structural and notional considerations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the text?

<p>To discuss different approaches to teaching grammar. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the meaning of the phrase "dissociation from any consideration of appropriateness" as used in the text?

<p>Lack of awareness of how language is used in specific contexts. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which category of language function involves persuasive communication?

<p>Getting things done (suasion) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Krashen's 'Monitor theory' primarily emphasize for language acquisition?

<p>Unconscious acquisition through comprehensible input (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the six broad categories of language function?

<p>Expressing emotions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of activities does communicative language teaching (CLT) heavily emphasize?

<p>Meaningful communication tasks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which category would 'magnitude' fall under the system of notions?

<p>Quantitative (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is 'affective filter' related to second language acquisition according to Krashen?

<p>It can hinder or facilitate the acquisition process based on emotions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of information gap exercises?

<p>They encourage negotiation of meaning between students. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which notion category includes terms for 'presence' and 'availability'?

<p>Existential (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Language Functions

Six broad categories of language use including seeking information and socializing.

Categories of Notions

Eight general categories detailing concepts like location and time in language.

Existential Notion

Refers to concepts like existence, presence, and availability.

Monitor Theory

A theory by Krashen stating that second language is mainly acquired unconsciously through exposure.

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Affective Filter

The concept that a learner’s emotional state affects language acquisition.

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Comprehensible Input

Language input that is understandable and just above the learner's current level.

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Communicative Language Teaching (CLT)

An approach that focuses on meaningful communication rather than grammatical accuracy.

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Information Gap Exercises

Activities where paired learners exchange incomplete information to complete a task.

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Pragmatics

The study of how context influences language use.

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Discourse Analysis

Examination of language use in social contexts.

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Sociocultural Theory

Focuses on the interplay between individuals and their social environment.

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Individual–Social Integration

The relationship between biological and sociocultural factors in cognition.

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Co-construction of Language

Language is developed together with others, not in isolation.

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Psycholinguistics

The study of language acquisition through psychological processes.

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Cognitive Linguistics

Focus on cognitive processes involved in language comprehension.

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Neurolinguistics

The study of how language is processed in the brain.

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Structural Syllabus

A syllabus design based on grammatical patterns and lexical items categorized systematically.

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Notional Syllabus

A syllabus defined by functional language use, focusing on speech acts like requests and offers.

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Generative Grammar

A theoretical approach viewing language learning as acquiring formal grammatical rules.

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Functional Considerations

Elements of language that prioritize how it's used in context rather than just its form.

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Cognitive Grammar

A linguistic theory combining form and meaning, emphasizing the cognitive processes involved in language.

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Construction Grammar

A theory that integrates form and meaning by analyzing grammatical constructions.

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Middle Ground Approach

An educational approach balancing grammatical accuracy with appropriate language use.

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Prescriptive Grammar

Grammar that tells how language should be used with rules for correct forms.

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Descriptive Grammar

Grammar that describes how language is actually used without making value judgments.

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Grammatical vs Ungrammatical

Grammatical sentences are well-formed; ungrammatical sentences are not acceptable in a language.

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Mental Grammar

The unconscious knowledge of language that speakers possess.

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Syntax

Rules that govern how words and phrases combine to form sentences.

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Morphology

Rules that specify how word forms are constructed, such as tense and number.

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Pedagogical Grammar

Grammar designed for teaching, focusing on the needs of second-language learners.

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Value Judgments in Grammar

Assessments of correctness that label some varieties of language as 'good' or 'bad'.

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Event-Related Potentials (ERP)

ERPs are neural responses that are time-locked to specific sensory or cognitive events, indicative of lexical learning.

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Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

fMRI is a neuroimaging technique that measures brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow.

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Willingness to Communicate (WTC)

WTC refers to the predisposition to enter into communication in a second language.

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Linguistic Self-Confidence

The belief in one's ability to use a language effectively in communication situations.

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Dynamic Systems Theory

An approach that analyzes complex interactions and dynamic changes in language learning.

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Complexity Theory

A theoretical framework addressing systems that exhibit complex behaviors that are hard to predict.

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Chaos Theory

A mathematical theory that studies how small changes in initial conditions can lead to vastly different outcomes in complex systems.

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Interrelated Areas of Applied Linguistics

Understanding language areas requires grasping related fields as they influence each other.

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Active Participation

Learners take responsibility for their own learning.

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Learner Strategies

Techniques that lead to effective learning.

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Good vs Poor Learners

Behaviors that differentiate successful and struggling learners.

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Strategy Training

Instruction aimed at teaching effective learning strategies.

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Individual Differences

Personal characteristics affecting language learning.

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Four Language Skills

Listening, speaking, reading, writing are essential in language use.

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Motivation

The drive that influences a learner's commitment to learning.

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Learning Style Preferences

Individual ways in which learners prefer to absorb information.

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Study Notes

Language Function Categories

  • Six broad categories of language function exist:
    • Imparting/seeking factual information
    • Expressing/finding attitudes
    • Getting things done (suasion)
    • Socializing
    • Structuring discourse
    • Communication repair

Notional Categories

  • Eight general categories of notions are categorized as follows:
    • Existential (existence, presence, availability)
    • Spatial (location, distance, motion, size)
    • Temporal (time, duration, sequence)
    • Quantitative (number, quantity, degree)
    • Qualitative (shape, color, age, physical condition)
    • Mental (reflection, expression of ideas)
    • Relational (ownership, logical relations, effect)
    • Deixis (anaphoric/non-anaphoric proforms, articles)

Krashen's Monitor Theory

  • Second language acquisition is primarily unconscious.
  • Acquisition occurs through "comprehensible input" (i+1).
  • Meaning-focused learning is emphasized over form.
  • Emotional state (affective filter) impacts acquisition.
  • Pedagogical implication: classrooms should provide rich, meaning-based input.

Communicative Language Teaching (CLT)

  • Emphasizes learners' message and fluency over accuracy.
  • Utilizes problem-solving activities and tasks.
  • Information gap exercises are a common technique.
  • Language use is considered within its context.
  • Pragmatics and discourse analysis are relevant.

Sociocultural Theory

  • Emphasizes the integration between individual and social factors.
  • Considers both the sociocultural endowment (inter) and biological endowment (intra):
  • Language and cognition are developed through social interaction.
  • Language use is co-constructed, not solely individual.

Psycholinguistic Perspectives

  • Increasing psychological perspective on language acquisition, processing, and use.
  • Informed by cognitive linguistics, neurolinguistics, cognitive science, and cognitive neuroscience.
  • Current theories of second language acquisition are influenced by psycholinguistic research, including using event-related potentials (ERPs) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).

Dynamic Systems Theory, Complexity & Chaos Theory

  • In language learning, multiple factors affect each other dynamically
  • Focus shifts from end-product analysis towards understanding these interactions more effectively

Learner Strategies

  • Learners are active participants in their language learning
  • "Good" learners exhibit certain behaviors, and learning strategies are found from these observations
  • Strategy training benefits learners
  • Direct correspondence between strategy training and language achievement is not as direct as initially thought.

Individual Differences

  • Age, aptitude, learning style preferences, strategy use, and motivation are some components influencing learning rate and success in second language acquisition.

Teaching the Four Language Skills

  • Teaching of listening, speaking, reading, and writing are vital components of second-language pedagogy
  • Language use naturally involves a use different language skills so this is addressed in a dedicate chapter for each skill in the textbook.

Grammars: Prescriptive and Descriptive

  • Prescriptive grammars: define correct versus incorrect language use.
  • Descriptive grammars: objectively describe language use.
  • Pedagogical grammars are descriptive and address the needs of second-language students.
  • ESL/EFL texts are often structurally designed that present items lexically, grouped by parts of speech, etc

Combining Form and Meaning

  • Cognitive grammar and construction grammar are linguistic theories that combine form and meaning at different structural levels.

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