Language Function and Notional Categories

<p>Discourse Analysis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It has influenced current leading theories in the field. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Co-construction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sociocultural endowment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The social nature of language use and the need for collaboration. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Language learning is affected by various factors that influence each other. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Learners' willingness to communicate is solely determined by their innate language aptitude. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dynamic Systems Theory, Complexity Theory, and Chaos Theory. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The role of learners as active participants in the learning process. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Understanding the social context of language use is crucial for developing effective language teaching materials. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To identify specific learning strategies that were associated with better performance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Strategy training was assumed to have a direct and positive impact on language proficiency. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dynamic systems theory and related approaches are likely to play an increasingly important role. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Effective strategy use can facilitate language learning, but the exact impact is still being explored. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Willingness to Communicate (F)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They make distinctions between correct and incorrect forms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Age of acquisition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gender (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A form that is ungrammatical or inappropriate. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The impact of individual differences on language learning. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Descriptive grammars aim to describe language, while prescriptive grammars aim to prescribe rules for correct usage. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Grammar (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Morphology and syntax (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Meeting the needs of second-language learners and teachers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Language skills are interconnected and should be taught in an integrated manner. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pedagogical grammar borrows from both descriptive and prescriptive approaches. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prescribing rules for correct language usage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Past tense (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Structural syllabuses focus on grammatical rules, while notional syllabuses prioritize communicative functions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Communicative language teaching. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can lead to a lack of necessary grammatical knowledge. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can lead to a lack of understanding of how language is used in real-world situations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To combine form and meaning in language. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An approach that combines both structural and notional considerations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To discuss different approaches to teaching grammar. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lack of awareness of how language is used in specific contexts. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Getting things done (suasion) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unconscious acquisition through comprehensible input (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Expressing emotions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Meaningful communication tasks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Quantitative (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can hinder or facilitate the acquisition process based on emotions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They encourage negotiation of meaning between students. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Existential (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Six broad categories of language use including seeking information and socializing.

Eight general categories detailing concepts like location and time in language.

Refers to concepts like existence, presence, and availability.

A theory by Krashen stating that second language is mainly acquired unconsciously through exposure.

The concept that a learner’s emotional state affects language acquisition.

Language input that is understandable and just above the learner's current level.

An approach that focuses on meaningful communication rather than grammatical accuracy.

Activities where paired learners exchange incomplete information to complete a task.

The study of how context influences language use.

Examination of language use in social contexts.

Focuses on the interplay between individuals and their social environment.

The relationship between biological and sociocultural factors in cognition.

Language is developed together with others, not in isolation.

The study of language acquisition through psychological processes.

Focus on cognitive processes involved in language comprehension.

The study of how language is processed in the brain.

A syllabus design based on grammatical patterns and lexical items categorized systematically.

A syllabus defined by functional language use, focusing on speech acts like requests and offers.

A theoretical approach viewing language learning as acquiring formal grammatical rules.

Elements of language that prioritize how it's used in context rather than just its form.

A linguistic theory combining form and meaning, emphasizing the cognitive processes involved in language.

A theory that integrates form and meaning by analyzing grammatical constructions.

An educational approach balancing grammatical accuracy with appropriate language use.

Grammar that tells how language should be used with rules for correct forms.

Grammar that describes how language is actually used without making value judgments.

Grammatical sentences are well-formed; ungrammatical sentences are not acceptable in a language.

The unconscious knowledge of language that speakers possess.

Rules that govern how words and phrases combine to form sentences.

Rules that specify how word forms are constructed, such as tense and number.

Grammar designed for teaching, focusing on the needs of second-language learners.

Assessments of correctness that label some varieties of language as 'good' or 'bad'.

ERPs are neural responses that are time-locked to specific sensory or cognitive events, indicative of lexical learning.

fMRI is a neuroimaging technique that measures brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow.

WTC refers to the predisposition to enter into communication in a second language.

The belief in one's ability to use a language effectively in communication situations.

An approach that analyzes complex interactions and dynamic changes in language learning.

A theoretical framework addressing systems that exhibit complex behaviors that are hard to predict.

A mathematical theory that studies how small changes in initial conditions can lead to vastly different outcomes in complex systems.

Understanding language areas requires grasping related fields as they influence each other.

Learners take responsibility for their own learning.

Techniques that lead to effective learning.

Behaviors that differentiate successful and struggling learners.

Instruction aimed at teaching effective learning strategies.

Personal characteristics affecting language learning.

Listening, speaking, reading, writing are essential in language use.

The drive that influences a learner's commitment to learning.

Individual ways in which learners prefer to absorb information.