Psychology condense 5 p-28-35 Language Development Theories

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Questions and Answers

What is the impact of impaired judgement on coping mechanisms?

It increases the likelihood of inappropriate coping mechanisms. (correct)

It decreases the likelihood of inappropriate coping mechanisms.

It enhances the ability to resolve stress.

It has no effect on coping mechanisms.

Which method is recognized as one of the best coping mechanisms for stress?

Intense competition

Avoidance strategies

Regular exercise

Social support (correct)

What role does perceived control play in stress management?

Lower perceived control is associated with higher stress levels. (correct)

Perceived control has no impact on stress.

Perceived control only affects physical health.

Higher stress levels are often associated with higher perceived control.

Which of the following is NOT a function of the nervous system?

Social interaction dynamics Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure that connects lower motor neurons to skeletal muscle cells called?

Neuromuscular junction Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by a decrease in muscle tone when a person is relaxed?

Hypotonia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following approaches can help in developing cognitive flexibility?

Working with a counselor Signup and view all the answers

What can be a likely consequence of abnormalities in lower motor neurons?

Fasciculations and muscle atrophy Signup and view all the answers

What does the interactionist approach to language acquisition emphasize?

Biological and social factors must interact for language learning. Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the brain is primarily responsible for speech production?

Broca's area Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when Broca's area is damaged?

Individuals can understand speech but cannot produce coherent speech. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the arcuate fasciculus in language processing?

It connects Broca's and Wernicke's areas. Signup and view all the answers

What does the linguistic relativity hypothesis propose?

Cognition and perception are influenced by the language a person speaks. Signup and view all the answers

If both Broca's and Wernicke's areas are damaged, what condition occurs?

Global aphasia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes conduction aphasia?

Difficulty in the ability to connect listening with speaking. Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of a behaviorist perspective on language acquisition?

Reinforcement plays a key role in language learning. Signup and view all the answers

What process allows the brain to create new connections to recover speech after a stroke affects the left hemisphere?

Neural plasticity Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when the corpus callosum is severed?

Disruption in language communication between hemispheres Signup and view all the answers

Which hemisphere of the brain is primarily responsible for language?

Left hemisphere Signup and view all the answers

What role does the amygdala play in emotional responses?

Producing aggression and fear responses Signup and view all the answers

Which structure bypasses the thalamus and is directly linked to emotional processing?

Smell receptors Signup and view all the answers

What mnemonic can be used to remember the components of the limbic system?

Hippo wearing a HAT Signup and view all the answers

What condition may result from the bilateral destruction of the amygdala?

Kluver-Bucy syndrome Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the hippocampus in the limbic system?

Forming new long-term memories Signup and view all the answers

According to the James-Lange theory, what comes first in the experience of emotion?

Physiological response Signup and view all the answers

What is the main assertion of the Cannon-Bard theory regarding emotional responses?

Physiological and emotional responses occur simultaneously. Signup and view all the answers

What role does cognitive appraisal play in the Schachter-Singer theory of emotion?

It helps interpret physiological arousal. Signup and view all the answers

According to Lazarus Theory, what influences our emotional experience?

Cultural and individual differences in event appraisal Signup and view all the answers

What does the Yerkes-Dodson Law suggest about emotional arousal and performance?

Moderate emotional arousal is optimal for peak performance. Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of stress according to the content provided?

A strain experienced when there is a disruption in equilibrium. Signup and view all the answers

In which theory is the relationship between cognitive appraisal and physiological response emphasized?

Schachter-Singer theory Signup and view all the answers

What should one avoid to perform optimally according to the Yerkes-Dodson Law?

Sustained extreme emotional arousal Signup and view all the answers

What physiological change occurs in blood vessels due to stress that can lead to vascular disease?

Blood vessels build up more muscle and become more rigid Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily responsible for converting glycogen to glucose during stress?

Cortisol Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible reproductive effect of stress on women?

Shutdown of the reproductive system Signup and view all the answers

Which brain area is most associated with learning and memory that can be affected by chronic stress?

Hippocampus Signup and view all the answers

What emotional response is characterized by an inability to experience pleasure, often seen in stress scenarios?

Anhedonia Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the situation where individuals learn they have no control over their lives due to stress, leading to reduced coping abilities?

Learned helplessness Signup and view all the answers

Which personality type is more associated with increased risk of heart disease due to stress and anger?

Type A Signup and view all the answers

What is a common behavioral reaction to stress that may lead to addiction?

Use of substances like alcohol and tobacco Signup and view all the answers

What does primary appraisal primarily evaluate?

The presence of a potential threat Signup and view all the answers

Which category does 'daily hassles' belong to in the context of stressors?

Minor daily irritations Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the reticular activating system in relation to stress?

To regulate arousal and alertness levels Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is notably linked to the tend and befriend response?

Oxytocin Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the fight or flight response in the body?

Stressors like threats and dangers Signup and view all the answers

What are the three phases of the general adaptation syndrome?

Alarm, resistance, exhaustion Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of secondary appraisal?

Evaluating coping capabilities Signup and view all the answers

What physiological changes occur due to sympathetic nervous system activation?

Increased heart rate and respiratory rates Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Learning Theory (Skinner)

Language is learned through operant conditioning.
Children learn by reinforcement. For example, a child saying "mama" is reinforced when the parent responds.

Interactionist Approach (Vygotsky)

Biological and social factors interact for language development.
Children's desire to communicate with adults drives language acquisition.
Social role of language in development is important.

Behaviorist Approach

Infants are trained in language through operant conditioning. (Similar to Skinner's approach)

Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis

Cognition and perception are influenced by language.
Language shapes how individuals think and perceive the world.

Language and the Brain: Aphasia

90% of people have language in the left hemisphere. This is the dominant side for language functions.
Two main areas related to language: Broca's area and Wernicke's area.

Broca's Area

Located in the frontal lobe.
Responsible for speech production.
Damage results in difficulty producing speech, though understanding remains intact (expressive aphasia).

Wernicke's Area

Located in the temporal lobe.
Responsible for understanding language.
Damage results in difficulty understanding language (Wernicke's aphasia). People produce nonsensical words.

Global Aphasia

When both Broca's and Wernicke's areas are damaged, the result is global aphasia.
Individuals cannot understand or produce meaningful speech.

Arcuate Fasciculus

Bundle of nerves connecting Broca's and Wernicke's areas.
Important for communication between language production and comprehension (conduction aphasia if damaged).

Agraphia and Anomia

Agraphia: Inability to write.
Anomia: Inability to name things.

Emotion: Limbic System

Responsible for storing and retrieving memories, especially those tied to emotions.

Hippocampus

Important in forming new memories. It converts short-term memory into long-term memory.
Damage does not erase old memories, but prevents creation of new ones.

Thalamus

Sensory relay station that receives information from different senses.
Sends this info to appropriate areas in the cortex.
Smell is the only sense that bypasses the thalamus.

Amygdala

Center for aggression, fear, and anxiety.
Stimulation of amygdala can lead to anger, violence, and fear.
Damage to the amygdala leads to a mellowing effect.

Kluver-Bucy Syndrome

Bilateral destruction of amygdala
Can lead to hyperorality, hypersexuality, disinhibited behaviors.

Hypothalamus

Part of limbic system.
Involved in regulating the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): fighting or fleeing, rest and digest.
Controls endocrine system.

Emotions: Cerebral Hemispheres and Prefrontal Cortex

Positive emotions are associated with activity in the left hemisphere, negative emotions with the right.
Prefrontal cortex is important for higher-order functions: planning, decision-making, social behavior.
Damage to prefrontal cortex can impair social judgment and behavior.

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

Sympathetic branch: "fight or flight" response.
- Increased heart rate, respiration, blood pressure etc.
Parasympathetic branch: "rest and digest" response
- Decreased heart rate, respiration, digestion etc.

Theories of Emotion

James-Lange Theory: Physiological response precedes emotional experience. Seeing a bear (physiology) -> heart pounding (physiology) -> fear (emotion).
Cannon-Bard Theory: Physiological and emotional responses occur simultaneously.
Schachter-Singer Theory: Physiological arousal combined with cognitive appraisal leads to emotion.
Lazarus Theory: Cognitive appraisal of a stimulus precedes emotional response and influences the physiological response.

Universal Emotions

Paul Ekman identified happiness, sadness, fear, disgust, anger, and surprise as universal emotions. Expressions are largely consistent across cultures.

Stress

Stress occurs when an organism’s equilibrium is disrupted.
Stressors are events or situations perceived as threatening.
Stress appraisal processes involve primary (evaluating potential threat) and secondary appraisal (assessing ability to cope).
- Primary appraisal: Irrelevant, benign, or threatening are potential responses.
- Secondary appraisal: Ability to deal with the threat.
Significant life changes: Death of a loved one, divorce, major illness, etc.
Catastrophic events: Earthquakes, floods, etc
Daily hassles: Minor annoyances like traffic jams.

Stress and Response Mechanism

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) and limbic system work together to respond to stress
Includes Sympathetic nervous system in the ANS: fight or flight mechanism

Coping Mechanisms for Stress

Various methods that can help manage stress.
Examples: Exercise, meditation, social support, optimism.

Biological Basis of Behavior

Central Nervous System (CNS): brain and spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): nerves branching out from CNS

Motor Unit

Lower motor neurons control skeletal muscles.
Abnormalities in lower motor neurons can cause weakness, atrophy, and fasciculations.

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Description

This quiz explores various theories of language development including operant conditioning by Skinner, Vygotsky's interactionist approach, and the linguistic relativity hypothesis. Additionally, it covers the neurological aspects of language, such as Broca's and Wernicke's areas in the brain. Test your knowledge on how these theories and brain functions influence language acquisition.