Psychology condense 5 p-28-35 Language Development Theories
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Questions and Answers

What is the impact of impaired judgement on coping mechanisms?

  • It increases the likelihood of inappropriate coping mechanisms. (correct)
  • It decreases the likelihood of inappropriate coping mechanisms.
  • It enhances the ability to resolve stress.
  • It has no effect on coping mechanisms.

Which method is recognized as one of the best coping mechanisms for stress?

  • Intense competition
  • Avoidance strategies
  • Regular exercise
  • Social support (correct)

What role does perceived control play in stress management?

  • Lower perceived control is associated with higher stress levels. (correct)
  • Perceived control has no impact on stress.
  • Perceived control only affects physical health.
  • Higher stress levels are often associated with higher perceived control.

Which of the following is NOT a function of the nervous system?

<p>Social interaction dynamics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure that connects lower motor neurons to skeletal muscle cells called?

<p>Neuromuscular junction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by a decrease in muscle tone when a person is relaxed?

<p>Hypotonia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following approaches can help in developing cognitive flexibility?

<p>Working with a counselor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be a likely consequence of abnormalities in lower motor neurons?

<p>Fasciculations and muscle atrophy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the interactionist approach to language acquisition emphasize?

<p>Biological and social factors must interact for language learning. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the brain is primarily responsible for speech production?

<p>Broca's area (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when Broca's area is damaged?

<p>Individuals can understand speech but cannot produce coherent speech. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the arcuate fasciculus in language processing?

<p>It connects Broca's and Wernicke's areas. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the linguistic relativity hypothesis propose?

<p>Cognition and perception are influenced by the language a person speaks. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If both Broca's and Wernicke's areas are damaged, what condition occurs?

<p>Global aphasia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes conduction aphasia?

<p>Difficulty in the ability to connect listening with speaking. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of a behaviorist perspective on language acquisition?

<p>Reinforcement plays a key role in language learning. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process allows the brain to create new connections to recover speech after a stroke affects the left hemisphere?

<p>Neural plasticity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when the corpus callosum is severed?

<p>Disruption in language communication between hemispheres (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hemisphere of the brain is primarily responsible for language?

<p>Left hemisphere (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the amygdala play in emotional responses?

<p>Producing aggression and fear responses (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure bypasses the thalamus and is directly linked to emotional processing?

<p>Smell receptors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mnemonic can be used to remember the components of the limbic system?

<p>Hippo wearing a HAT (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition may result from the bilateral destruction of the amygdala?

<p>Kluver-Bucy syndrome (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the hippocampus in the limbic system?

<p>Forming new long-term memories (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the James-Lange theory, what comes first in the experience of emotion?

<p>Physiological response (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main assertion of the Cannon-Bard theory regarding emotional responses?

<p>Physiological and emotional responses occur simultaneously. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does cognitive appraisal play in the Schachter-Singer theory of emotion?

<p>It helps interpret physiological arousal. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Lazarus Theory, what influences our emotional experience?

<p>Cultural and individual differences in event appraisal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Yerkes-Dodson Law suggest about emotional arousal and performance?

<p>Moderate emotional arousal is optimal for peak performance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of stress according to the content provided?

<p>A strain experienced when there is a disruption in equilibrium. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which theory is the relationship between cognitive appraisal and physiological response emphasized?

<p>Schachter-Singer theory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should one avoid to perform optimally according to the Yerkes-Dodson Law?

<p>Sustained extreme emotional arousal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physiological change occurs in blood vessels due to stress that can lead to vascular disease?

<p>Blood vessels build up more muscle and become more rigid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily responsible for converting glycogen to glucose during stress?

<p>Cortisol (C), Glucagon (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible reproductive effect of stress on women?

<p>Shutdown of the reproductive system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain area is most associated with learning and memory that can be affected by chronic stress?

<p>Hippocampus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What emotional response is characterized by an inability to experience pleasure, often seen in stress scenarios?

<p>Anhedonia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the situation where individuals learn they have no control over their lives due to stress, leading to reduced coping abilities?

<p>Learned helplessness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which personality type is more associated with increased risk of heart disease due to stress and anger?

<p>Type A (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common behavioral reaction to stress that may lead to addiction?

<p>Use of substances like alcohol and tobacco (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does primary appraisal primarily evaluate?

<p>The presence of a potential threat (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which category does 'daily hassles' belong to in the context of stressors?

<p>Minor daily irritations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the reticular activating system in relation to stress?

<p>To regulate arousal and alertness levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is notably linked to the tend and befriend response?

<p>Oxytocin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the fight or flight response in the body?

<p>Stressors like threats and dangers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three phases of the general adaptation syndrome?

<p>Alarm, resistance, exhaustion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of secondary appraisal?

<p>Evaluating coping capabilities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physiological changes occur due to sympathetic nervous system activation?

<p>Increased heart rate and respiratory rates (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Skinner's Behaviorist Theory

Language is learned through reinforcement, where every time a child uses a word correctly, they are rewarded.

Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis

The belief that language and thought are intertwined, meaning our language influences how we think and perceive the world.

Broca's Area

The area in the frontal lobe responsible for speech production.

Broca's Aphasia

A condition where people have difficulty producing speech but can understand it.

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Wernicke's Area

The area in the temporal lobe responsible for language comprehension.

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Wernicke's Aphasia

A condition where individuals struggle to understand language and produce meaningful speech, but can still hear and repeat words.

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Arcuate Fasciculus

A bundle of nerves connecting Broca's and Wernicke's areas, facilitating communication between listening and speaking.

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Conduction Aphasia

A condition resulting from damage to the arcuate fasciculus, making it difficult to repeat words and connect listening with speaking.

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Neural Plasticity

The ability of the brain to change and adapt in response to experiences, such as learning a new skill or recovering from a stroke.

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Split-Brain Procedure

A surgical procedure that severs the corpus callosum, the thick band of nerve fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres.

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Left Hemisphere (Language)

The left hemisphere of the brain is typically responsible for language processing, including speaking, writing, and understanding language.

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Right Hemisphere (Action, Perception, Attention)

The right hemisphere of the brain is typically involved in visual-spatial processing, attention, and some aspects of emotion.

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Limbic System

A group of brain structures involved in emotions, memory, and motivation.

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Thalamus (Sensory Relay Station)

A relay station in the brain that receives sensory input from various parts of the body and sends it to the appropriate areas of the cortex.

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Amygdala (Aggression Center)

The part of the limbic system involved in processing emotions, particularly fear and aggression.

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Hippocampus (Memory Formation)

A brain structure involved in the formation of new memories and the conversion of short-term memories into long-term memories.

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Appraisal Theory of Stress

Our interpretation of an event influences whether we perceive it as stressful or not.

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Primary Appraisal

Evaluating whether a situation is irrelevant, beneficial, or stressful.

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Secondary Appraisal

Assessing our ability to cope with the stressor.

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Fight or Flight

The stress response system that prepares us for immediate action.

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Cortisol

The body's stress hormone; released by the adrenal glands.

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Tend and Befriend

A social stress response that focuses on seeking support and nurturing others.

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Oxytocin

Hormone linked to social bonding and trust; promotes the tend and befriend response.

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General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

The three-stage response to prolonged stress: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.

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James-Lange Theory of Emotion

The theory that physiological responses come before and cause emotional experiences. For example, we feel fear because we experience physical changes like increased heart rate.

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Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

This theory argues that physiological responses and emotional experiences happen simultaneously. For example, you feel fear and have a racing heart at the same time.

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Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory of Emotion

According to this theory, our emotions are influenced by both our physiological responses and our cognitive interpretations of the situation. For example, if you are having a racing heart, you might feel fear if you believe you are in danger, but feel excitement if you are in a thrilling situation.

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Lazarus Theory of Emotion

This theory proposes that the way we label or appraise a situation determines our emotional response. For example, if you see a dog and interpret it as dangerous, you feel fear, but if you see a dog and interpret it as friendly, you feel happy.

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Yerkes-Dodson Law

This law states that performance is best when arousal levels are moderate. Too little or too much arousal can lead to poorer performance.

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Stressor

A source of stress, anything that disrupts equilibrium.

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Stress Reaction

A physical and emotional response to a stressor.

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Stress

The whole process that encompasses both the stressor and the stress reaction.

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Frontal Cortex

An area of the brain located behind the forehead, responsible for complex functions like reasoning, planning, and decision-making. Damage to this area can lead to impaired judgment.

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Coping Mechanisms

The ability to manage stress effectively by adapting to difficult situations. Coping mechanisms can involve a variety of behaviors, thoughts, or emotions.

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Perceived Control

A feeling of being in control of specific events or situations. Studies show that a lack of control contributes to higher stress levels.

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Optimism

A positive outlook on life and the belief that things will work out for the best. It can play a role in reducing stress and enhancing well-being.

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Social Support

A sense of support and connection with others, providing comfort and a feeling of belonging. It strengthens coping abilities by reminding us we're not alone in facing challenges.

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Exercise

A type of stress management technique that actively involves engaging the body in physical activity. It helps regulate stress hormones and promotes relaxation.

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Meditation

A practice that promotes mindfulness and relaxation through controlled breathing and focusing on the present moment. It helps lower physiological stress responses like heart rate.

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Cognitive Flexibility

The ability to adapt and change perspectives in response to challenging situations. This can be a helpful tool for reframing stressful thoughts and behaviors.

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Recovery from Stress

The ongoing process of physical and psychological recovery after a stressful event. Failure to recover adequately can lead to tissue damage and increased susceptibility to illness.

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Vascular Disease

The process of narrowing blood vessels due to the buildup of muscle and fat, often caused by high blood pressure.

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Stress-induced Diabetes

A condition caused by chronic stress that alters the body's ability to regulate blood sugar levels, increasing the risk of developing diabetes.

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Anhedonia

A condition characterized by the inability to experience pleasure, often a consequence of chronic stress.

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Learned Helplessness

A psychological state where an individual learns to feel powerless and hopeless after repeated experiences of being unable to control their environment or outcomes.

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Type A Personality

A behavioral pattern characterized by a sense of urgency, competitiveness, and a tendency to be easily angered, linked to increased risk of heart disease.

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Amygdala

The brain region involved in processing fear and phobias, playing a key role in stress response.

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Addiction as Stress Relief

A coping mechanism where individuals try to relieve stress through unhealthy habits like alcohol consumption or smoking.

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Study Notes

Learning Theory (Skinner)

  • Language is learned through operant conditioning.
  • Children learn by reinforcement. For example, a child saying "mama" is reinforced when the parent responds.

Interactionist Approach (Vygotsky)

  • Biological and social factors interact for language development.
  • Children's desire to communicate with adults drives language acquisition.
  • Social role of language in development is important.

Behaviorist Approach

  • Infants are trained in language through operant conditioning. (Similar to Skinner's approach)

Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis

  • Cognition and perception are influenced by language.
  • Language shapes how individuals think and perceive the world.

Language and the Brain: Aphasia

  • 90% of people have language in the left hemisphere. This is the dominant side for language functions.
  • Two main areas related to language: Broca's area and Wernicke's area.

Broca's Area

  • Located in the frontal lobe.
  • Responsible for speech production.
  • Damage results in difficulty producing speech, though understanding remains intact (expressive aphasia).

Wernicke's Area

  • Located in the temporal lobe.
  • Responsible for understanding language.
  • Damage results in difficulty understanding language (Wernicke's aphasia). People produce nonsensical words.

Global Aphasia

  • When both Broca's and Wernicke's areas are damaged, the result is global aphasia.
  • Individuals cannot understand or produce meaningful speech.

Arcuate Fasciculus

  • Bundle of nerves connecting Broca's and Wernicke's areas.
  • Important for communication between language production and comprehension (conduction aphasia if damaged).

Agraphia and Anomia

  • Agraphia: Inability to write.
  • Anomia: Inability to name things.

Emotion: Limbic System

  • Responsible for storing and retrieving memories, especially those tied to emotions.

Hippocampus

  • Important in forming new memories. It converts short-term memory into long-term memory.
  • Damage does not erase old memories, but prevents creation of new ones.

Thalamus

  • Sensory relay station that receives information from different senses.
  • Sends this info to appropriate areas in the cortex.
  • Smell is the only sense that bypasses the thalamus.

Amygdala

  • Center for aggression, fear, and anxiety.
  • Stimulation of amygdala can lead to anger, violence, and fear.
  • Damage to the amygdala leads to a mellowing effect.

Kluver-Bucy Syndrome

  • Bilateral destruction of amygdala
  • Can lead to hyperorality, hypersexuality, disinhibited behaviors.

Hypothalamus

  • Part of limbic system.
  • Involved in regulating the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): fighting or fleeing, rest and digest.
  • Controls endocrine system.

Emotions: Cerebral Hemispheres and Prefrontal Cortex

  • Positive emotions are associated with activity in the left hemisphere, negative emotions with the right.
  • Prefrontal cortex is important for higher-order functions: planning, decision-making, social behavior.
  • Damage to prefrontal cortex can impair social judgment and behavior.

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

  • Sympathetic branch: "fight or flight" response.
    • Increased heart rate, respiration, blood pressure etc.
  • Parasympathetic branch: "rest and digest" response
    • Decreased heart rate, respiration, digestion etc.

Theories of Emotion

  • James-Lange Theory: Physiological response precedes emotional experience. Seeing a bear (physiology) -> heart pounding (physiology) -> fear (emotion).
  • Cannon-Bard Theory: Physiological and emotional responses occur simultaneously.
  • Schachter-Singer Theory: Physiological arousal combined with cognitive appraisal leads to emotion.
  • Lazarus Theory: Cognitive appraisal of a stimulus precedes emotional response and influences the physiological response.

Universal Emotions

  • Paul Ekman identified happiness, sadness, fear, disgust, anger, and surprise as universal emotions. Expressions are largely consistent across cultures.

Stress

  • Stress occurs when an organism’s equilibrium is disrupted.
  • Stressors are events or situations perceived as threatening.
  • Stress appraisal processes involve primary (evaluating potential threat) and secondary appraisal (assessing ability to cope).
    • Primary appraisal: Irrelevant, benign, or threatening are potential responses.
    • Secondary appraisal: Ability to deal with the threat.
  • Significant life changes: Death of a loved one, divorce, major illness, etc.
  • Catastrophic events: Earthquakes, floods, etc
  • Daily hassles: Minor annoyances like traffic jams.

Stress and Response Mechanism

  • The autonomic nervous system (ANS) and limbic system work together to respond to stress
  • Includes Sympathetic nervous system in the ANS: fight or flight mechanism

Coping Mechanisms for Stress

  • Various methods that can help manage stress.
  • Examples: Exercise, meditation, social support, optimism.

Biological Basis of Behavior

  • Central Nervous System (CNS): brain and spinal cord
  • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): nerves branching out from CNS

Motor Unit

  • Lower motor neurons control skeletal muscles.
  • Abnormalities in lower motor neurons can cause weakness, atrophy, and fasciculations.

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Description

This quiz explores various theories of language development including operant conditioning by Skinner, Vygotsky's interactionist approach, and the linguistic relativity hypothesis. Additionally, it covers the neurological aspects of language, such as Broca's and Wernicke's areas in the brain. Test your knowledge on how these theories and brain functions influence language acquisition.

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