Language Development Overview

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Questions and Answers

Which aspect of language refers to the smallest units of sounds?

  • Syntax
  • Extralinguistic information
  • Morphemes
  • Phonemes (correct)

What is the term for language variations that occur in different geographical contexts?

  • Idiolect
  • Dialect (correct)
  • Slang
  • Accent

In which stage of language development do children begin to produce single syllable words?

  • Babbling state
  • Telegraphic speech
  • Prenatal stage
  • First words (correct)

What cognitive concept involves the mental shortcuts used to simplify decision making?

<p>Heuristics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the representativeness heuristic?

<p>Evaluating situations through base rates or stereotypes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for overestimating how well we could have predicted an event after it has occurred?

<p>Hindsight bias (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a feature of telegraphic speech in language development?

<p>Overgeneralization of sentence rules (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does cognitive economy refer to in decision making?

<p>Efficient allocation of resources for thinking (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does extralinguistic information play in language?

<p>It adds meaning through non-verbal and contextual cues. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates the viewpoints of B.F. Skinner and Noam Chomsky on language development?

<p>Skinner argued language is learned through interaction, while Chomsky suggested it's genetically predisposed. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of language levels, what is the primary function of morphemes?

<p>To convey meaning by combining phonemes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase do children start to show comprehension of basic language rules?

<p>Babbling state (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best characterizes hindsight bias?

<p>Overestimating one’s ability to predict events after they have occurred. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the availability heuristic rely on when making judgments?

<p>How easily information comes to mind. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of conversations in children aged 4 to 6 years?

<p>Establishing a complex understanding of sentences and vocabulary. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cognitive economy concerned with in the context of decision-making?

<p>The allocation of cognitive resources to optimize thinking. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Phonemes

Smallest units of sound in a language.

Morphemes

Smallest units of meaning in a language.

Syntax

The rules of grammar in a language governing sentence structure.

Cognitive Economy

The limited mental resources allocated to thinking and decision-making.

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Heuristics

Mental shortcuts used to simplify decisions.

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Representativeness heuristic

Judging something based on how similar it is to existing stereotypes or base rates.

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Availability heuristic

Estimating likelihood based on how readily information is available in memory.

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Hindsight bias

Overestimating how well you could have predicted an event after knowing the outcome.

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What's the link between language and symbols?

Language uses symbols to represent ideas, but the relation between symbol and meaning is arbitrary (not always obvious). For example, the word "tree" doesn't resemble a tree.

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What are phonemes?

The most basic units of sound in a language. Think of them as building blocks for words.

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What are morphemes?

The smallest units of meaning in a language. They can be single words or parts of words.

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How does syntax differ from phonemes?

Syntax refers to the grammatical rules of a language. It determines how words are arranged in sentences and how they relate to each other.

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What is 'extralinguistic information' in language?

Non-verbal cues and context that add meaning to spoken or written language.

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How does language learning vary among individuals?

Different people learn language at different speeds, based on their exposure and individual learning styles.

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What influences our decisions in Cognitive Economy?

Our mental resources are limited, so our capacity for thinking and decision-making fades throughout the day.

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How do heuristics help us make decisions?

These are mental shortcuts that help us make quick decisions, but they are not always accurate.

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Study Notes

Language

  • Communication relies on patterns and rules of symbols
  • Language is arbitrary; symbols don't always reflect the object
  • Language levels:
    • Phonemes: smallest units of sound (th, s, ure)
    • Morphemes: smallest units of meaning combining phonemes (re-, -ing)
    • Syntax: sentence and grammar rules (subject-verb-object)
  • Extralinguistic information: non-verbal and contextual cues affecting meaning
  • Dialect: language variation within a geographical context

Language Development

  • Opposing views:
    • B.F. Skinner: Language learned through operant conditioning
    • Noam Chomsky: Language is biologically determined, and we're already wired to learn it from birth
  • Stages:
    • Prenatal: Preference for mother's voice
    • Babbling: Producing and repeating single syllables
    • Comprehension vs. production: Comprehension precedes production
    • First words: Simple words (up, cookie)
    • Telegraphic speech: Simple sentences, overgeneralization of rules
    • Conversations: Complex understanding of sentences and vocabulary

Judgement

  • Cognitive Economy: Resources allocated to thinking and decision-making
  • Heuristics: Mental shortcuts for simplifying decisions
  • Issues: Oversimplification (e.g., climbing a mountain)
  • Representativeness heuristic: Judgement based on representativeness
  • Availability heuristic: Judgement based on readily available information

Problem Solving

  • Framing: How information presentation affects decisions
  • Obstacles:
    • Distractions by irrelevant information
    • Mental sets
    • Functional fixedness
  • Strategies:
    • Trial and error
    • Algorithm: Step-by-step problem solving
    • Heuristic: General solution rules
    • Divide and conquer
    • Insight: Sudden solution recognition ("A-ha!" moment)
    • Means-end analysis: Choosing and modifying actions to smaller steps
  • Hindsight bias: Overestimating ability to predict something after it happened
  • Modes of Thinking:
    • System 1: Fast, automatic (e.g., tying your shoe)
    • System 2: Slow, analytical (e.g., seeking someone)

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