Language Development Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which aspect of language refers to the smallest units of sounds?

  • Syntax
  • Extralinguistic information
  • Morphemes
  • Phonemes (correct)

    • What is the term for language variations that occur in different geographical contexts?

  • Idiolect
  • Dialect (correct)
  • Slang
  • Accent

    • In which stage of language development do children begin to produce single syllable words?

  • Babbling state
  • Telegraphic speech
  • Prenatal stage
  • First words (correct)

    • What cognitive concept involves the mental shortcuts used to simplify decision making?

    <p>Heuristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the representativeness heuristic?

    <p>Evaluating situations through base rates or stereotypes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for overestimating how well we could have predicted an event after it has occurred?

    <p>Hindsight bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a feature of telegraphic speech in language development?

    <p>Overgeneralization of sentence rules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does cognitive economy refer to in decision making?

    <p>Efficient allocation of resources for thinking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does extralinguistic information play in language?

    <p>It adds meaning through non-verbal and contextual cues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates the viewpoints of B.F. Skinner and Noam Chomsky on language development?

    <p>Skinner argued language is learned through interaction, while Chomsky suggested it's genetically predisposed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of language levels, what is the primary function of morphemes?

    <p>To convey meaning by combining phonemes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase do children start to show comprehension of basic language rules?

    <p>Babbling state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best characterizes hindsight bias?

    <p>Overestimating one’s ability to predict events after they have occurred.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the availability heuristic rely on when making judgments?

    <p>How easily information comes to mind.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of conversations in children aged 4 to 6 years?

    <p>Establishing a complex understanding of sentences and vocabulary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is cognitive economy concerned with in the context of decision-making?

    <p>The allocation of cognitive resources to optimize thinking.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Language

    • Communication relies on patterns and rules of symbols
    • Language is arbitrary; symbols don't always reflect the object
    • Language levels:
      • Phonemes: smallest units of sound (th, s, ure)
      • Morphemes: smallest units of meaning combining phonemes (re-, -ing)
      • Syntax: sentence and grammar rules (subject-verb-object)
    • Extralinguistic information: non-verbal and contextual cues affecting meaning
    • Dialect: language variation within a geographical context

    Language Development

    • Opposing views:
      • B.F. Skinner: Language learned through operant conditioning
      • Noam Chomsky: Language is biologically determined, and we're already wired to learn it from birth
    • Stages:
      • Prenatal: Preference for mother's voice
      • Babbling: Producing and repeating single syllables
      • Comprehension vs. production: Comprehension precedes production
      • First words: Simple words (up, cookie)
      • Telegraphic speech: Simple sentences, overgeneralization of rules
      • Conversations: Complex understanding of sentences and vocabulary

    Judgement

    • Cognitive Economy: Resources allocated to thinking and decision-making
    • Heuristics: Mental shortcuts for simplifying decisions
    • Issues: Oversimplification (e.g., climbing a mountain)
    • Representativeness heuristic: Judgement based on representativeness
    • Availability heuristic: Judgement based on readily available information

    Problem Solving

    • Framing: How information presentation affects decisions
    • Obstacles:
      • Distractions by irrelevant information
      • Mental sets
      • Functional fixedness
    • Strategies:
      • Trial and error
      • Algorithm: Step-by-step problem solving
      • Heuristic: General solution rules
      • Divide and conquer
      • Insight: Sudden solution recognition ("A-ha!" moment)
      • Means-end analysis: Choosing and modifying actions to smaller steps
    • Hindsight bias: Overestimating ability to predict something after it happened
    • Modes of Thinking:
      • System 1: Fast, automatic (e.g., tying your shoe)
      • System 2: Slow, analytical (e.g., seeking someone)

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    Lecture 8: Language and Problem Solving PDF

    Description

    Explore the fascinating journey of language development, from the smallest phonemes to complex syntax. This quiz dives into the opposing theories of language acquisition by Skinner and Chomsky, alongside the stages of language development from prenatal recognition to telegraphic speech. Test your knowledge on the rules, patterns, and variations that shape human communication.

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