Language Development in Children
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Questions and Answers

What is the relationship between fast mapping and the word spurt in language development?

  • Fast mapping occurs after the word spurt.
  • Fast mapping and the word spurt are completely unrelated.
  • The word spurt causes fast mapping to occur.
  • Fast mapping leads to the word spurt by connecting sounds to meanings. (correct)

    • Childhood amnesia can be explained by neurobiological changes in the brain.

    True

    What are the steps of word learning in children?

    Exposure, recognition, fast mapping, retrieval, and production.

    Children learn to read through the development of __________ processing.

    <p>visual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the concepts related to language development with their definitions:

    <p>Fast Mapping = Quickly associating new words with meanings Word Spurt = Rapid increase in vocabulary Dyslexia = Difficulty in reading despite normal intelligence Phonological Processing = Ability to recognize and manipulate sounds in language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor influences the neural system underlying language learning?

    <p>Age of acquisition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Experiencing multiple languages can negatively impact language development in children.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one reason for including different levels of difficulty in tasks designed for children and adults?

    <p>To equate behavioral performance across age groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Age and behavioral performance do not correlate in many behavioral tasks.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to number processing through development?

    <p>It becomes automatized with practice and age.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method can be used to study differences in brain activity before and after extended practice on a task?

    <p>fMRI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Schlaggar's strategy, grouping individuals based on their performance is only valuable when the age groups have overlapping distributions in response _____ and accuracy.

    <p>latency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could indicate a confound in studies correlating performance with brain activity?

    <p>Age and performance being correlated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the terms with their definitions:

    <p>Working Memory = Temporary storage and manipulation of information fMRI = A method for measuring brain activity Covariate = Variable included in analysis to account for confounding effects Latency = Delay before a response is initiated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Schlaggar's strategy effectively answers the question of differences in brain activity due to an immature central nervous system.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can researchers correlate with behavioral performance to understand brain activity changes?

    <p>Age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between neurogenesis and memory stability during early life?

    <p>Memory stability decreases as neurogenesis increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The integration of new neurons into the hippocampus enhances the stability of existing memories.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What brain region is primarily responsible for memory and neurogenesis?

    <p>Hippocampus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The neurogenic hypothesis suggests that adding new neurons can lead to degradation of existing ______.

    <p>memories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following factors with their effects on memory stability:

    <p>High neurogenesis = Increased memory instability Integration of new neurons = Degradation of existing memories Immature neurons = Higher excitability Mature neurons = Lower excitability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may homeostatic mechanisms do in response to increased excitability in hippocampal circuits?

    <p>Promote the silencing of some synapses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The addition of new neurons does not affect the synaptic connections of preexisting hippocampal circuits.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the process of generating new neurons?

    <p>Neurogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which developmental milestone is NOT associated with the offset of childhood amnesia?

    <p>Physical growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Childhood amnesia can be fully explained by human cognitive concepts.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the retrieval deficit hypothesis?

    <p>It postulates that memories formed in childhood are permanently stored but cannot be accessed during adulthood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Childhood amnesia occurs because key structures for memory formation, like the __________, are insufficiently mature at the time of memory formation.

    <p>hippocampus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following explanations of childhood amnesia with their descriptions:

    <p>Information processing theories = Postulate impaired memory encoding, storage, and retrieval Biological theories = Focus on the immature brain and ongoing brain maturation Retrieval deficit hypothesis = Suggests memories exist but cannot be accessed Human cognitive theories = Emphasize developmental milestones related to memory formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region of the brain is known for prolonged postnatal development, contributing to childhood amnesia?

    <p>Dentate gyrus region of the hippocampus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Memory consolidation in infants remains stable despite ongoing brain maturation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do human cognitive theories emphasize regarding childhood amnesia?

    <p>They emphasize the emergence of developmental milestones like the sense of self, theory of mind, and language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain regions are primarily associated with working memory function?

    <p>Prefrontal cortex and posterior parietal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Improvements in working memory performance were positively correlated with age.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What task did participants perform to assess working memory?

    <p>The keep track task</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ was used to estimate intelligence levels at both time points.

    <p>Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of working memory systems with their descriptions:

    <p>Phonological loop = Responsible for verbal and auditory information Central executive = Coordinates and controls cognitive tasks Visuospatial sketchpad = Handles visual and spatial information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the conclusion regarding the relationship between working memory and intelligence?

    <p>There was no significant relation between working memory performance and intelligence level.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Development of working memory capacity continues into early adulthood.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which age range did significant annual change in working memory performance occur?

    <p>Childhood and early adolescence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of memory is specifically associated with facts and autobiographical events?

    <p>Explicit memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Participants were asked to recall words immediately after each __________.

    <p>trial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the regions with their significance in working memory performance:

    <p>Bilateral prefrontal regions = Largest effects on WM improvement Posterior parietal regions = Related to structural maturation Central sulci regions = Additional effects on WM performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hippocampus plays no role in the binding of information from the neocortex.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the three main different types of memory mentioned in the PIMMS framework.

    <p>Episodic memory, semantic memory, perceptual memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the percentage of recalled words change with age?

    <p>Decreased with age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Working memory performance was significantly related to changes in subcortical structures.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ cortex is responsible for recording combinations of perceptually defined features that co-occur in the environment.

    <p>perirhinal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the hippocampal regions with their primary functions:

    <p>CA1 = Relational memory and sequence of events CA3 = Flexible context-independent relational memory Dentate gyrus = Episodic memory formation Subiculum = Output region for memory information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What specific cluster in the brain was shown to uniquely predict changes in working memory performance?

    <p>Parietal right hemisphere cluster</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The degree of improvement in working memory performance was related to the degree of __________ reduction.

    <p>cortical volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain structure is primarily responsible for implicit memory?

    <p>Striatum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the target categories used in the keep track task:

    <p>Animals = A category for living creatures Clothing = A category for wearable items Colors = A category for visual attributes Countries = A category for geographical areas Fruit = A category for edible plant products Relatives = A category for family members</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Visual recognition memory is functional shortly after birth.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the dentate gyrus in memory processing?

    <p>Pattern separation and episodic memory formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Episodic memory requires the __________ for detailed representations of personal life episodes.

    <p>hippocampus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a function of the hippocampal formation?

    <p>Perceptual memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Age-related decline in episodic and semantic memory occurs at around 40-45 years.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which age range do children develop spatial relational memory?

    <p>Around 21 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ system is responsible for feedback from higher memory systems to predict activity in lower systems.

    <p>PIMMS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the memory functions with their associated hippocampal regions:

    <p>CA1 = Short-term temporal memory CA3 = Auto-association network Dentate gyrus = Episodic memory Subiculum = Information output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Course Information

    • Course name: Development of Cognition and Language
    • Course code: PSY4035
    • Academic year: 2022-2023

    Task 1 - Neural Changes and Methods in Cognitive Development

    • Gray matter and white matter volumes increase during the first year, especially in certain brain regions associated with sensory functions.
    • Neuroimaging techniques measure development: Advantages and disadvantages of these techniques are discussed.
    • Methodological issues in studying brain function development are explained, and how to control these issues.

    Task 2 - Memory Matters

    • Working memory differs from other memory types with proposed models.
    • Working memory development, associated brain regions, and measurement methods are described.
    • The role of working memory problems in learning and improvement strategies.

    Task 3 - The Dawning of a Personal Past

    • Childhood amnesia is the inability to remember early life events.
    • Theories regarding memory development and the complementary process account are discussed.
    • Neurobiological explanations for childhood amnesia.
    • Brain networks and processes that underpin episodic memory.

    Task 4 - Words, Words, Words

    • Steps of word learning and the role of the perceptual system in word learning.
    • The concept of word spurt and fast-mapping, and how they are related.
    • Measuring fast mapping with ERP (event-related potentials).

    Task 5 - Linking Symbols and Sounds

    • How children learn to read and the problems in dyslexic children.
    • The brain's visual processing correlates of normal reading and developmental dyslexia.
    • The brain's phonological processing correlates of normal reading and developmental dyslexia.

    Task 6 - Age of Acquisition and Experience in Learning Languages

    • How age influences the neural system for language learning.
    • How experience influences the neural system for language learning.
    • How language structure modalities influence language network development.
    • How multiple languages are represented in the brain.

    Task 7 - How Large is 8?

    • How number processing develops, including automatic processing and numerical quantities.
    • Discusses the neural basis of representing numerical quantities and differences between children and adults.

    Task 8 - Adding and Adding Makes Two

    • Types of processes that contribute to arithmetic skills and development.
    • Neural correlates and brain networks underlying arithmetic skills.
    • Possible treatments and interventions for arithmetic difficulties.
    • Description of dyscalculia, its behavioral problems, and neural correlates.

    Task 9 - The Dynamics of Intelligence and IQ

    • Explanation of IQ, its components, and measurement methods.
    • Development of different aspects of IQ.
    • Investigating the influence of early developmental milestones on later IQ.
    • Influence of genes and environment on IQ.

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    Development of Cognition and Language PDF

    Description

    Explore various aspects of language development in children, including fast mapping, word learning, and the influence of multiple languages. This quiz covers key concepts, neurobiological changes, and methods for studying language processing. Perfect for anyone interested in child language acquisition.

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