Language Development in Children
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Questions and Answers

What is the relationship between fast mapping and the word spurt in language development?

  • Fast mapping occurs after the word spurt.
  • Fast mapping and the word spurt are completely unrelated.
  • The word spurt causes fast mapping to occur.
  • Fast mapping leads to the word spurt by connecting sounds to meanings. (correct)

Childhood amnesia can be explained by neurobiological changes in the brain.

True (A)

What are the steps of word learning in children?

Exposure, recognition, fast mapping, retrieval, and production.

Children learn to read through the development of __________ processing.

<p>visual</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the concepts related to language development with their definitions:

<p>Fast Mapping = Quickly associating new words with meanings Word Spurt = Rapid increase in vocabulary Dyslexia = Difficulty in reading despite normal intelligence Phonological Processing = Ability to recognize and manipulate sounds in language</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor influences the neural system underlying language learning?

<p>Age of acquisition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Experiencing multiple languages can negatively impact language development in children.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one reason for including different levels of difficulty in tasks designed for children and adults?

<p>To equate behavioral performance across age groups (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Age and behavioral performance do not correlate in many behavioral tasks.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to number processing through development?

<p>It becomes automatized with practice and age.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method can be used to study differences in brain activity before and after extended practice on a task?

<p>fMRI</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Schlaggar's strategy, grouping individuals based on their performance is only valuable when the age groups have overlapping distributions in response _____ and accuracy.

<p>latency</p> Signup and view all the answers

What could indicate a confound in studies correlating performance with brain activity?

<p>Age and performance being correlated (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms with their definitions:

<p>Working Memory = Temporary storage and manipulation of information fMRI = A method for measuring brain activity Covariate = Variable included in analysis to account for confounding effects Latency = Delay before a response is initiated</p> Signup and view all the answers

Schlaggar's strategy effectively answers the question of differences in brain activity due to an immature central nervous system.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can researchers correlate with behavioral performance to understand brain activity changes?

<p>Age</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between neurogenesis and memory stability during early life?

<p>Memory stability decreases as neurogenesis increases. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The integration of new neurons into the hippocampus enhances the stability of existing memories.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What brain region is primarily responsible for memory and neurogenesis?

<p>Hippocampus</p> Signup and view all the answers

The neurogenic hypothesis suggests that adding new neurons can lead to degradation of existing ______.

<p>memories</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following factors with their effects on memory stability:

<p>High neurogenesis = Increased memory instability Integration of new neurons = Degradation of existing memories Immature neurons = Higher excitability Mature neurons = Lower excitability</p> Signup and view all the answers

What may homeostatic mechanisms do in response to increased excitability in hippocampal circuits?

<p>Promote the silencing of some synapses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The addition of new neurons does not affect the synaptic connections of preexisting hippocampal circuits.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the process of generating new neurons?

<p>Neurogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which developmental milestone is NOT associated with the offset of childhood amnesia?

<p>Physical growth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Childhood amnesia can be fully explained by human cognitive concepts.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the retrieval deficit hypothesis?

<p>It postulates that memories formed in childhood are permanently stored but cannot be accessed during adulthood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Childhood amnesia occurs because key structures for memory formation, like the __________, are insufficiently mature at the time of memory formation.

<p>hippocampus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following explanations of childhood amnesia with their descriptions:

<p>Information processing theories = Postulate impaired memory encoding, storage, and retrieval Biological theories = Focus on the immature brain and ongoing brain maturation Retrieval deficit hypothesis = Suggests memories exist but cannot be accessed Human cognitive theories = Emphasize developmental milestones related to memory formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which region of the brain is known for prolonged postnatal development, contributing to childhood amnesia?

<p>Dentate gyrus region of the hippocampus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Memory consolidation in infants remains stable despite ongoing brain maturation.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do human cognitive theories emphasize regarding childhood amnesia?

<p>They emphasize the emergence of developmental milestones like the sense of self, theory of mind, and language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain regions are primarily associated with working memory function?

<p>Prefrontal cortex and posterior parietal cortex (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Improvements in working memory performance were positively correlated with age.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What task did participants perform to assess working memory?

<p>The keep track task</p> Signup and view all the answers

The __________ was used to estimate intelligence levels at both time points.

<p>Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of working memory systems with their descriptions:

<p>Phonological loop = Responsible for verbal and auditory information Central executive = Coordinates and controls cognitive tasks Visuospatial sketchpad = Handles visual and spatial information</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the conclusion regarding the relationship between working memory and intelligence?

<p>There was no significant relation between working memory performance and intelligence level. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Development of working memory capacity continues into early adulthood.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At which age range did significant annual change in working memory performance occur?

<p>Childhood and early adolescence</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of memory is specifically associated with facts and autobiographical events?

<p>Explicit memory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Participants were asked to recall words immediately after each __________.

<p>trial</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the regions with their significance in working memory performance:

<p>Bilateral prefrontal regions = Largest effects on WM improvement Posterior parietal regions = Related to structural maturation Central sulci regions = Additional effects on WM performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

The hippocampus plays no role in the binding of information from the neocortex.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the three main different types of memory mentioned in the PIMMS framework.

<p>Episodic memory, semantic memory, perceptual memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the percentage of recalled words change with age?

<p>Decreased with age (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Working memory performance was significantly related to changes in subcortical structures.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The __________ cortex is responsible for recording combinations of perceptually defined features that co-occur in the environment.

<p>perirhinal</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the hippocampal regions with their primary functions:

<p>CA1 = Relational memory and sequence of events CA3 = Flexible context-independent relational memory Dentate gyrus = Episodic memory formation Subiculum = Output region for memory information</p> Signup and view all the answers

What specific cluster in the brain was shown to uniquely predict changes in working memory performance?

<p>Parietal right hemisphere cluster</p> Signup and view all the answers

The degree of improvement in working memory performance was related to the degree of __________ reduction.

<p>cortical volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain structure is primarily responsible for implicit memory?

<p>Striatum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the target categories used in the keep track task:

<p>Animals = A category for living creatures Clothing = A category for wearable items Colors = A category for visual attributes Countries = A category for geographical areas Fruit = A category for edible plant products Relatives = A category for family members</p> Signup and view all the answers

Visual recognition memory is functional shortly after birth.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the dentate gyrus in memory processing?

<p>Pattern separation and episodic memory formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Episodic memory requires the __________ for detailed representations of personal life episodes.

<p>hippocampus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a function of the hippocampal formation?

<p>Perceptual memory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Age-related decline in episodic and semantic memory occurs at around 40-45 years.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which age range do children develop spatial relational memory?

<p>Around 21 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

The __________ system is responsible for feedback from higher memory systems to predict activity in lower systems.

<p>PIMMS</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the memory functions with their associated hippocampal regions:

<p>CA1 = Short-term temporal memory CA3 = Auto-association network Dentate gyrus = Episodic memory Subiculum = Information output</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Parametric Manipulation

A research technique where the difficulty of a task is systematically varied, allowing researchers to compare performance between different groups (like children and adults) on the same level of the task.

Equating Behavioral Performance

Making sure that both children and adults are performing at the same level on a task, despite potential age differences.

Covariate

A variable that is statistically controlled for in a study. It helps researchers isolate the effects of the main variables of interest.

Schlaggar's Strategy

Grouping participants based on their performance after they complete a task. This helps to determine if age or task experience is responsible for brain activity differences.

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Overlapping Distributions

When the performance levels of two different age groups show a significant degree of similarity, meaning there are individuals in each group performing at similar levels.

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Extended Practice

Having participants repeatedly perform a task over time to see if their brain activity patterns change as they become more skilled.

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Immature Central Nervous System

A brain that is still developing and not fully mature.

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Task Experience

The amount of exposure and familiarity a person has with a particular task.

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Neurogenic Hypothesis

This hypothesis proposes that the addition of new neurons in the hippocampus during early development may interfere with the formation of stable, long-lasting memories.

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Hippocampus

A brain region critical for the formation of new memories, especially episodic memories (personal experiences).

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Neurogenesis

The process by which new neurons are generated in the brain.

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Memory Stability

The durability and persistence of memories over time.

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Inverse Relationship

The concept that the level of neurogenesis and memory stability are oppositely correlated: high neurogenesis means low memory stability and vice versa.

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Existing Memory Degradation

The process by which existing memories become weaker or less accessible due to the integration of new neurons.

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Hippocampal Network Alteration

The integration of new neurons changes the structure and connections of existing hippocampal networks, potentially disrupting memory storage.

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Granule Neuron Excitability

Immature granule neurons in the hippocampus are more excitable than mature neurons, potentially leading to increased overall excitability in the hippocampus.

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Complementary Process Account

A theory that explains how episodic memories are encoded and retrieved. It suggests that learning occurs during the acquisition and retrieval of information, through interactions between different brain regions.

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Childhood Amnesia

The inability to remember events from early childhood. This phenomenon is attributed to the brain's development, especially the hippocampus, a brain structure crucial for forming new memories.

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Episodic Memory Networks

Sets of brain regions that work together to create, store, and retrieve memories of specific events and experiences. These networks include the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and amygdala.

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Word Learning Steps

Stages of word learning that progress from recognizing and understanding sounds to associating words with concepts and their meanings.

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Word Spurt

A rapid increase in vocabulary learning that often occurs in preschool children. Children show a sudden jump in the number of words they can understand and use.

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Fast Mapping

The ability to quickly learn the meaning of a new word after only a few exposures. This is a crucial skill for rapid word learning.

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Dyslexia

A learning disability that affects the ability to read. It is characterized by difficulties with decoding, phonological awareness, and word recognition.

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Age of Acquisition and Language Learning

The idea that the age at which a person is exposed to a language affects how their brain processes that language. This is related to brain plasticity, which decreases with age.

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Developmental Milestones

Significant stages in child development, such as acquiring a sense of self, understanding others' thoughts (theory of mind), and learning language.

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Information Processing Theories

These theories suggest that childhood amnesia arises from problems with how memories are encoded, stored, or retrieved.

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Retrieval Deficit Hypothesis

The idea that early childhood memories are stored but inaccessible in adulthood due to problems with retrieving them.

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Immature Brain Hypothesis

This theory proposes that childhood amnesia is caused by the incomplete development of brain structures crucial for memory formation and storage.

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Dentate Gyrus

A region within the hippocampus, a brain structure vital for forming new memories, that undergoes prolonged development after birth.

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Ongoing Brain Maturation

The continued development of the brain after birth can hinder the stabilization and consolidation of memories formed earlier.

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Memory Consolidation

The process of strengthening and stabilizing memories over time, making them more durable and resistant to forgetting.

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Working Memory (WM) Development

The enhancement of the ability to temporarily hold and manipulate information needed for cognitive tasks. This development is ongoing, especially in childhood and adolescence.

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Prefrontal Cortex Role in WM

The prefrontal cortex plays a crucial role in working memory, particularly in planning, decision-making, and regulating cognitive control.

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Posterior Parietal Cortex Role in WM

The posterior parietal cortex contributes significantly to working memory by aiding in spatial awareness, attention, and processing visual information.

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Keep Track Task

A task that involves memorizing a set of categories and then remembering the last item presented in each category. This is a measure of working memory performance.

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Cortical Volume Reduction

During childhood and adolescence, the brain undergoes synaptic pruning, resulting in a decrease in cortical volume. This is a normal part of brain development.

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WM Improvement & Cortical Pruning

The improvement in working memory performance is associated with a decrease in volume in specific cortical regions, especially in the prefrontal and parietal areas.

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Central Sulcus

A major groove in the brain that separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe. Regions around the central sulcus are involved in processing sensory information and motor control.

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Hierarchical Multiple Regression

A statistical technique used to determine the unique contribution of each variable while accounting for other variables in a model.

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Subcortical Structures & WM

While cortical volume changes are linked to WM development, no significant relationships were found between changes in subcortical structures (like the basal ganglia) and WM.

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Fronto-Parietal Network

A network of brain regions, including the prefrontal and parietal cortices, that are critical for working memory functions.

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WM Development over Age

The rate of improvement in working memory gradually decreases as individuals age, suggesting that this capacity continues to develop through adolescence and early adulthood.

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WM Systems Development

Different components of working memory (phonological loop, central executive, visuospatial sketchpad) develop at different rates, creating a multi-stage process.

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Phonological Loop

A component of working memory responsible for processing and storing verbal information. It allows you to hold and manipulate sounds and words in your mind.

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Central Executive

The control centre of working memory. It directs attention, coordinates the other components, and manages cognitive tasks.

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Visuospatial Sketchpad

A component of working memory involved in processing and storing visual and spatial information. It allows you to hold and manipulate images and mental maps in your mind.

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Explicit memory

Memory for facts about the world (semantic memory) and personal events (episodic memory).

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Implicit memory

Memory for skills, habits, priming, conditioning, and non-associative learning.

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Hippocampus role

Integrates information from different brain areas and sends processed information back for long-term memory consolidation.

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Hippocampal regions

The hippocampus has distinct regions (dentate gyrus, CA3, CA1, subiculum) which process information sequentially and independently.

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Functions depending on the hippocampus

These include recognition memory, basic and complex relational memory, and episodic memory.

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Recognition memory

Ability to recognize something previously encountered.

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Basic relational memory

Understanding relationships between objects or events.

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Complex relational memory

Ability to form flexible and context-independent relationships between things.

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Episodic memory

Memories of specific events with time and place context.

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PIMMS framework

A model proposing three interacting memory systems: episodic, semantic, and perceptual.

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Episodic memory system

Records events with context and co-occurrences of features.

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Semantic memory system

Records repeated co-occurrences of features to form knowledge about the world.

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Perceptual memory system

Extracts and represents features of information.

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Memory system interactions

Memory systems predict and influence each other in a dynamic way.

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Memory development

A shift from concrete representations to abstract knowledge occurs over time.

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Study Notes

Course Information

  • Course name: Development of Cognition and Language
  • Course code: PSY4035
  • Academic year: 2022-2023

Task 1 - Neural Changes and Methods in Cognitive Development

  • Gray matter and white matter volumes increase during the first year, especially in certain brain regions associated with sensory functions.
  • Neuroimaging techniques measure development: Advantages and disadvantages of these techniques are discussed.
  • Methodological issues in studying brain function development are explained, and how to control these issues.

Task 2 - Memory Matters

  • Working memory differs from other memory types with proposed models.
  • Working memory development, associated brain regions, and measurement methods are described.
  • The role of working memory problems in learning and improvement strategies.

Task 3 - The Dawning of a Personal Past

  • Childhood amnesia is the inability to remember early life events.
  • Theories regarding memory development and the complementary process account are discussed.
  • Neurobiological explanations for childhood amnesia.
  • Brain networks and processes that underpin episodic memory.

Task 4 - Words, Words, Words

  • Steps of word learning and the role of the perceptual system in word learning.
  • The concept of word spurt and fast-mapping, and how they are related.
  • Measuring fast mapping with ERP (event-related potentials).

Task 5 - Linking Symbols and Sounds

  • How children learn to read and the problems in dyslexic children.
  • The brain's visual processing correlates of normal reading and developmental dyslexia.
  • The brain's phonological processing correlates of normal reading and developmental dyslexia.

Task 6 - Age of Acquisition and Experience in Learning Languages

  • How age influences the neural system for language learning.
  • How experience influences the neural system for language learning.
  • How language structure modalities influence language network development.
  • How multiple languages are represented in the brain.

Task 7 - How Large is 8?

  • How number processing develops, including automatic processing and numerical quantities.
  • Discusses the neural basis of representing numerical quantities and differences between children and adults.

Task 8 - Adding and Adding Makes Two

  • Types of processes that contribute to arithmetic skills and development.
  • Neural correlates and brain networks underlying arithmetic skills.
  • Possible treatments and interventions for arithmetic difficulties.
  • Description of dyscalculia, its behavioral problems, and neural correlates.

Task 9 - The Dynamics of Intelligence and IQ

  • Explanation of IQ, its components, and measurement methods.
  • Development of different aspects of IQ.
  • Investigating the influence of early developmental milestones on later IQ.
  • Influence of genes and environment on IQ.

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Development of Cognition and Language PDF

Description

Explore various aspects of language development in children, including fast mapping, word learning, and the influence of multiple languages. This quiz covers key concepts, neurobiological changes, and methods for studying language processing. Perfect for anyone interested in child language acquisition.

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