Language Contact and Variation Quiz 07
45 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

The passage mentions a specific event where Igbo people were called upon to observe three minutes of silence. What is the purpose of this event?

  • To honor the contributions of Igbo people to the nation
  • To raise awareness about the challenges faced by Igbo people
  • To celebrate a national holiday
  • To commemorate the victims of the Civil War (correct)

    • What does the phrase 'dem no go dance dat day o' likely mean in the context of the passage?

  • They are not allowed to dance that day
  • They will not be dancing that day (correct)
  • They should not dance that day
  • They cannot afford to dance that day

    • What is the significance of the phrase 'make everybody wey be Igbo man (ta#) tabi Igbo woman' in the context of the passage?

  • It emphasizes the importance of unity within the Igbo community (correct)
  • It suggests the existence of different subgroups within the Igbo people
  • It explains the process of becoming an Igbo man or woman
  • It highlights the importance of language in defining identity

    • What is the main purpose of the passage?

    <p>To showcase a specific example of language use in a cultural context (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The phrase 'dem wey kpai during di Civil War' is an example of what linguistic phenomenon?

    <p>Code mixing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following terms is NOT directly related to the study of languages in contact?

    <p>Decolonisation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the given excerpt, what can be concluded about the relationship between the Standard English and Nigerian Pidgin?

    <p>Nigerian Pidgin is a separate language with its own distinct grammar and vocabulary (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the given excerpt, what is the role of language in the event described?

    <p>It plays a symbolic role in unifying and representing a community (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country is mentioned as an example of accent variation in World Englishes?

    <p>India (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of variation is exemplified by the text from Ghana?

    <p>Lexical variation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'endonormative' refer to in the context of World Englishes?

    <p>Internal standards governing language within a specific community (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which context is Cameroon highlighted?

    <p>Accent variation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the phrase 'customarily destooled' in the Ghana text?

    <p>It indicates a change in leadership by traditional authorities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true regarding bilingual speakers in terms of language proficiency?

    <p>Bilinguals often have a native-like command of both languages. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception about childhood bilingualism?

    <p>It leads to confusion for children. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a diglossic community, which language is typically used for formal functions?

    <p>Standard or High variety language. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does code switching specifically refer to?

    <p>Alternating languages across sentences or clause boundaries. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does diglossia manifest in speech communities?

    <p>By maintaining distinct languages for high and low functions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically happens to the vocabulary of bilingual speakers?

    <p>They tend to have smaller vocabularies compared to monolinguals. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor can influence code switching behavior?

    <p>The social or physical setting of the interaction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the distinction between code mixing and code switching?

    <p>Code mixing happens within a clause or phrase, while code switching occurs across sentences. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key distinguishing feature of pidgin compared to creole?

    <p>Pidgin has no native speakers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically characterizes a superstrate language in the context of pidgins and creoles?

    <p>It usually contributes most of the vocabulary. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about Nigerian Pidgin?

    <p>It has more speakers than Ghanaian Pidgin. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the historical context of pidgins and creoles in West Africa?

    <p>It has the longest history of language contact. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception about pidgins used in specific situations?

    <p>They serve all social functions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what context is Krio spoken?

    <p>As a native language in Sierra Leone and Gambia. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does a substrate language play in the formation of pidgins and creoles?

    <p>It mainly influences the semantics and grammatical structure. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'pidgin' primarily denote?

    <p>A simplified language for trade and communication. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary outcome of language contact?

    <p>Language borrowing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about pidgins is true?

    <p>Pidgins arise from contact between speakers of at least two languages. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what social conditions are pidgins and creoles predominantly found?

    <p>In marked social conditions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly defines a creole?

    <p>A language that emerges from contact involving more than two languages. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of creating a pidgin?

    <p>To enable basic communication (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature distinguishes creoles from pidgins?

    <p>Creoles have a more complex structure than pidgins. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to features of the original languages in pidgins?

    <p>Many features are simplified or omitted. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are English-based pidgins and creoles most commonly concentrated?

    <p>West Africa and the Caribbean (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following countries are classified as 'norm-dependent' in the 'Dynamic Model' of World Englishes?

    <p>Sweden, Brazil (B), Iran, China, Japan (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two strands in the 'Dynamic Model' that contribute to the evolution of new Englishes in postcolonial contexts?

    <p>Indigenous and Settled (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary factors driving the evolution of New Englishes in the 'Dynamic Model'?

    <p>Language contact, attitudes, and use (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a parameter identified in the 'Dynamic Model' as contributing to the evolution of New Englishes?

    <p>Economic factors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the 'Dynamic Model', what happens to the IDG and STL strands over time during the evolution of new Englishes?

    <p>The two strands become more alike. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the 'Dynamic Model' is characterized by the development of specific features and norms that distinguish a new variety of English?

    <p>Differentiation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following countries is given as an example for the 'Nativization' phase in the 'Dynamic Model'?

    <p>Kenya (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main idea conveyed in the provided text about New Englishes?

    <p>New Englishes evolve through a dynamic process of interaction and accommodation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Endonormative

    A variety of English that is accepted within a specific cultural context.

    Exonormative

    A form of English that is aligned with external standards or influences from outside.

    Accent Variation

    Differences in pronunciation across different regions or cultures.

    Lexical Variation

    Differences in word choice and usage in different regions of the English-speaking world.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    World Englishes

    Diverse forms of English used by speakers around the globe, reflecting local cultures.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Dynamic Model

    A model explaining the evolution of new Englishes in postcolonial contexts.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    IDG Strand

    Indigenous strand representing local varieties of English.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    STL Strand

    Settler strand representing English varieties from the colonizers.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Linguistic Accommodation

    The process where different language varieties become more alike.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Single Speech Community

    A community where different varieties of English share norms and features.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Nativization

    Phase where English becomes localized and adapted to native contexts (e.g. Kenya).

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Differentiation

    Phase where English varieties start to develop distinct features.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Extralinguistic Factors

    External factors that influence language evolution like history and politics.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Bilingualism

    The ability to speak two languages fluently.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Childhood Bilingualism

    Learning two languages during childhood may hinder cognitive development.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Diglossia

    The use of two distinct languages or dialects in a community for High and Low functions.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Examples of Diglossia

    Languages used in different functions in a community, e.g., Swiss German vs. High German.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Code Switching

    Alternating between languages in different situations or sentences.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Code Mixing

    Alternating between languages within a clause or phrase.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Bilingual Vocabulary

    Bilinguals often have smaller vocabularies compared to monolinguals.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Majority Language Acquisition

    Learning the main language spoken in a community is preferred for child development.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Language Contact

    The interaction between speakers of different languages that can lead to influence and change.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Borrowings

    Words or phrases taken from one language and incorporated into another as a result of contact.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Language Transfer

    The adoption of elements from one language to another, including words and grammar.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Pidgin

    A simplified language that develops as a means of communication between speakers of different languages.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Creole

    A stable, fully-developed language that arises from the mixing of several languages, usually as a result of contact.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Social Conditions

    The circumstances under which people interact, influencing the development of pidgins and creoles.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Basic Communication

    The primary goal of pidgins, focusing on simple exchanges rather than fluency.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Features of Languages

    Characteristics that define how different languages sound, are structured, and are used.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Superstrate Language

    The language that contributes most of the vocabulary to a pidgin or creole, often associated with the more dominant group.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Substrate Language

    The language that influences the grammatical structure of a pidgin or creole, often from a less dominant group.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Nigerian Pidgin

    A widely spoken pidgin in Nigeria, often considered more a creole due to its extensive speaker base.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Ghanaian Pidgin

    A variant of pidgin spoken mainly in urban areas of Ghana, used by uneducated and student populations.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Krio

    A creole language spoken in Sierra Leone, with about 4 million native speakers.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Cameroon Pidgin

    A pidgin language spoken in Cameroon, with many users across different contexts, but difficult to quantify speakers.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Lexifier Language

    The language that provides most vocabulary for a pidgin or creole.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Multilingualism

    The ability to use and understand multiple languages.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Dialect

    A particular form of a language specific to a certain region or group.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Decolonisation of Language

    The process of reclaiming and promoting local languages post-colonization.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Study Notes

    Sociolinguistics (3)

    • The course is titled VL Introduction to English Linguistic: English in Use
    • England can be divided into 8 accent areas.
    • Realisation of lexical sets (BATH, STRUT, FACE, GOAT) are useful for speaker placement.
    • US has 9 major accent areas, with most variation in the (North-)East.
    • There are significant accent differences between England and the US, including vowel realisations (LOT and BATH).
    • Rhoticity (pronunciation of /r/) variation exists.
    • T-flapping and T-deletion are phonetic variations.
    • The New York Dialect Survey (1966) was a groundbreaking sociolinguistic study.
    • Real and apparent time are important sociolinguistic concepts for studying variation.

    Today's lecture

    • The topics for the lecture are multilingualism, English around the world, the historical evolution of World Englishes, modelling World Englishes, examples of World Englishes, and pidgins and creoles.

    Multilingualism Introduction

    • Multilingualism is a complex concept.
    • A person speaking more than one language.
    • Factors determining multilingualism: individual characteristics, the line between language and dialect, and characteristics of multilingual countries.
    • Myths about multilingualism include that bi/multilinguals are exceptions and childhood bilingualism is bad.

    Multilingualism Myths

    • Myths and misconceptions about multilingualism in Western societies are noted.
    • Bi/multilinguals are exceptions to the default monolingual norm.
    • Equal command of all languages is often expected.
    • Childhood bilingualism can be detrimental to linguistic and cognitive development in school settings.
    • It is better for children to acquire only the majority language.
    • Bilinguals might be confused due to the ability to speak different languages.
    • Bilinguals are commonly believed to have smaller vocabularies.

    Multilingualism Diglossia

    • A situation where two closely related languages or dialects (High and Low) are used in a speech community for different functions.
    • Common in many countries, such as Spain (Catalan vs. Castilian), Switzerland (Schwyzerdütsch vs. German), Singapore (Singlish vs. English), and Jamaica (Patwa vs. English).
    • Also applicable to Arabic countries (local dialects vs. Modern Standard Arabic).

    Multilingualism Code Switching

    • Multilingual people are generally aware of which language to use in contexts.
    • Formal situations typically use the standard/official language.
    • Less formal situations typically use dialect/community language.
    • Code switching is the alternation between varieties or codes (languages) in a sentence or clause. Code mixing is often used as a cover term, including code mixing.
    • Factors influencing code switching include domain (social/physical setting), and situation (who the person is speaking to).

    Multilingualism Code Mixing

    • Code mixing involves alterations between language varieties(codes) within a clause or phrase.
    • It is a different phenomenon from code switching, and tends to elicit more negative evaluations.
    • Code mixing has more interpersonal/affective functions (eg. signaling proximity, in-group/out-group behavior).
    • Code mixing is illustrated by examples from Erasmus students and the use of “Schein” in Germany.

    English around the world Introduction

    • English is a global language.
    • Many billions use it in different contexts every day.
    • English is a language of choice in situations where there is no common language.
    • English may be the only language or one of multiple languages in a society.
    • English can be an official language in a country.

    English around the world Countries

    • Map showing countries which have English as an official or co-official language.
    • Regions categorized by English language prevalence (official, majority, minority, co-official, unofficial).

    Historical Evolution of World Englishes Northern Hemisphere

    • First successful English settlement outside Britain in 1607 (Jamestown).
    • Early 17th century, settlements in North America.
    • 1776, Declaration of Independence.
    • 1867, Canada gains self-government.
    • English spread across regions like Newfoundland, the Caribbean, and Central America.

    Historical Evolution of World Englishes Africa

    • 17th Century, British trading forts in West Africa.
    • 19th Century, first settlements in Southern Africa and foundation of Liberia.
    • "Scramble for Africa".
    • 20th century, official colonies and protectorates.
    • Decolonization of Africa.

    Historical Evolution of World Englishes Asia

    • 17th century, East India Company.
    • 18th and 19th centuries, British power in India, Hong Kong, Malaysia and the Philippines.
    • 20th century, decolonization, and “handover” of Hong Kong to China.

    Historical Evolution of World Englishes Australia and Oceania

    • 18th century, British Australian penal colony of New South Wales.
    • 19th century, Treaty of Waitangi and British settlement of New Zealand commenced, and Pitcairn in the Pacific.
    • 20th century, Australia and New Zealand became independent.
    • Decolonisation in the 20th century.

    Historical Evolution of World Englishes The British Empire

    • Shows map of British Empire territories.

    Modelling World Englishes

    • The model proposes a framework for understanding the development of English in various parts of the world in the postcolonial era.
    • This shows the historical and social factors that influenced the evolution of different varieties of the English language.

    Modelling World Englishes The Three Circles Model

    • Provides a framework to understand the different stages of adoption of English.
    • Classifies regions related to English into 'norm-providing', 'norm-developing', and 'norm-dependent' based on their relationship with international/global forms of English.

    Modelling World Englishes The Dynamic Model

    • This model explains how English varieties in the postcolonial world have evolved.
    • The evolution occurs due to the social interactions between colonizers and the colonized.
    • There are indigenous and settler strands.
    • Features evolve and become shared over time.

    Modelling World Englishes The Dynamic Model: Parameters

    • The factors shaping the evolution of these language varieties include identity constructions and extralinguistic factors (Historical events, political situation), alongside sociolinguistics elements, language contact, attitudes towards a language and the influence of language structure.

    Modelling World Englishes The Dynamic Model: Phases and Countries

    • A model with different stages of development of English in different countries.
    • Each represents the level of assimilation of English as a national language, with the initial stages like 'foundation' followed by 'nativization', and 'stabilization' as the language grows to maturity.

    Examples of World Englishes Accent variation

    • Examples of accent variation in India's English and Cameroon's English.
    • Relevant quotes and contextual information are provided.

    Examples of World Englishes Lexical variation: Ghana

    • Lexical variation is illustrated with a quote regarding the Ghanaian context.

    Pidgins and Creoles Languages in contact

    • Languages co-exist in most parts of the world.
    • Language contact is common, and languages influence each other (borrowing, language transfer, grammar, sounds).

    Pidgins and Creoles Background

    • Pidgins and creoles arise from contact between at least two languages, often under marked social conditions (trade, work, plantations, ships).
    • The goal is basic communication.
    • They are often simplified.
    • Examples include English-based pidgins and creoles in West Africa, the Caribbean, the US, Central America, and the Pacific.

    Pidgins and Creoles Definitions

    • Pidgins are not complex languages typically used in limited social domains.
    • Pidgins typically arise from language contact with no native speakers.
    • Creoles are the language of a community, and are used for all social functions.
    • Creoles emerge from language contact situations involving multiple languages, they are the first language of a particular people, and are used for the diversity of social relations.

    Pidgins and Creoles Superstrate and Substrate language

    • Superstrate language is the dominant language.
    • It provides most of the vocabulary.
    • Substrate languages influence the linguistic structure - grammar and semantics.

    Pidgins and Creoles West Africa

    • English and local languages led to pidgins and creoles in West Africa.
    • These include Nigerian Pidgin (75m speakers).
    • Cameroon Pidgin (speaker numbers are difficult to assess), and Ghanaian Pidgin (5m speakers).
    • Other relevant examples include Krio (Sierra Leone, Gambia).

    Pidgins and Creoles Nigerian Pidgin

    • Example of a Nigerian Pidgin conversation.

    References

    • A list of scholarly articles, books, and online sources used for the course.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Sociolinguistics (3) PDF

    Description

    Explore the nuances of language in contact through this quiz, focusing on the significance of events and expressions within the Igbo community. Delve into linguistic phenomena such as accent variation and pidgin usage, analyzing their roles in communication. Test your understanding of the impact of historical contexts on language.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser