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Questions and Answers
What aspect of language is concerned with the rules for organising meaning?
Which of the following refers to the study of the writing system of a language?
What is the term for the process of creating new words by changing existing words?
What is the term for the study of the sound patterns of a language?
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What is the term for words derived from other languages?
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What is the term for the study of the meaning of words?
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What is the term for the part of language concerned with the structure of words?
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What is the term for the addition to the root of a word?
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What type of linguistic process involves shortening a word while maintaining its original function and meaning?
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What is the term for the study of how words change their meaning over time?
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What is the process of creating new words by combining segments of two words?
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What is the term for the process of changing the function of a word without changing its form?
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What is the term for the creation of new words by combining two complete words?
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What is the term for the process in which the meaning of a word becomes more positive?
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What is the term for the process of replicating sounds through words?
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What is the term for the view that language change involves a decline in the standards of English?
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What is the core idea behind the approach that considers language standards?
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What is the term for the base or root of a word?
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What is the process of allowing each member of the conversation an opportunity to speak without overlap?
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What is the term for the unspoken elements of communication, such as body language and facial expressions?
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What is the purpose of using a participant's name in discourse, such as 'Jon saw it live, he knows all about it'?
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What is the term for the manner of speaking, including intonation, stress, tone, and speed?
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What is the term for the signals that the listener gives to show that they are following the conversation?
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What is the term for the ways in which conversations are closed, typically done with phrases such as 'nice to see you'?
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What type of sounds are characterized by a small puff of air when pronounced?
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What is the term for words that serve as a super generalized form of several other words?
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What stage of language development focuses on brief utterances which contain only essential information?
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What is the term for the process of broadening a word's meaning by children?
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What is the term for language used to express personal opinions, feelings, and identity?
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What is the term for the gap between present skills and knowledge and future achievements?
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What is the term for language used to explore the imagination?
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What is the term for the stage of language development where a child is able to think in more definite terms?
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What does deixis refer to in unscripted language?
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What is the purpose of metalanguage in conversation?
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What is the term for the language used by family and friends when speaking to a baby?
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What is the purpose of tag questions in conversation?
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What is the term for the omission of a word or words in a sentence, where the sense is still evident through context?
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What is the term for expressions used to soften authoritative requests and maintain speaker engagement?
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What is the term for the study of speech sounds?
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What is the term for the repetition of words in conversation?
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How does the social context of a language affect the meaning of words and phrases, and what branch of linguistics studies this phenomenon?
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What is the process by which new words are created by changing existing words, and what are some examples of this process?
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How do loanwords differ from neologisms, and what are some examples of each?
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What is the distinction between morphology and syntax, and how do they relate to the study of language?
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How do eponyms differ from other types of words, and what are some examples of eponyms?
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What is the relationship between graphology and orthography, and how do they relate to the study of language?
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How does phonology relate to the study of language, and what are some key aspects of phonology?
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What is the distinction between lexis and semantics, and how do they relate to the study of language?
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What is the linguistic process by which a word's meaning becomes more positive over time, such as the word 'nice' originally meaning 'clumsy' and now meaning 'kind'?
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What is the term for the creation of new words by combining segments of two words, such as 'motel' coming from 'motor' and 'hotel'?
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What is the linguistic process by which sounds are clipped from the endings of words or between two words, often due to informal speech?
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What is the term for the study of how words change their meaning over time, such as the word 'silly' originally meaning 'blessed' and now meaning 'foolish'?
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What is the term for the creation of new words by combining two complete words, such as 'flowerpot' coming from 'flower' and 'pot'?
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What is the term for the process of shortening a word while maintaining its original function and meaning, such as 'mathematics' becoming 'maths'?
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What is the term for the linguistic approach that views language as constantly changing and that no one variety is superior?
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What is the term for the process of replicating sounds through words, such as 'moo' or 'quack'?
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What is the purpose of using hedges and vague language in conversation?
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What is the significance of pauses in the listener's response in unscripted language?
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What is the function of discourse markers in conversation?
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What is the purpose of phatic communication in conversation?
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What is the significance of false starts in unscripted language?
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What is the function of modality in conversation?
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What is the purpose of repetition in conversation?
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What is the significance of ellipsis in unscripted language?
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What is the purpose of turn-taking in conversation, and how does it facilitate a cooperative exchange?
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What are adjacency pairs, and how do they relate to the concept of turn-taking in conversation?
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How do prosodic features, such as tone, pitch, and volume, contribute to the meaning of an utterance?
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What is the function of feedback in conversation, and how is it achieved through verbal and non-verbal responses?
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How do corpora, as collections of spoken and written texts, contribute to the study of language?
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What is the significance of holding the conversational floor, and how is it relinquished or passed to another participant?
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What is the role of clashing in conversation, and how is it resolved?
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What is the purpose of repairing in conversation, and how is it achieved?
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What is the linguistic term for the process of creating new words by changing existing words, such as the word 'nice' originally meaning 'clumsy' and now meaning 'kind'?
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What is the term for the stage of language development where a child is able to think in more definite terms and language development accelerates?
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What is the term for the language used to express personal opinions, feelings, and identity, such as in personal narratives or autobiographies?
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What is the term for words that serve as a super generalized form of several other words, such as 'food' being a hypernym for 'bread', 'meat', and 'vegetables'?
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What is the term for the gap between present skills and knowledge and future achievements, as described by Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development?
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What is the term for the process of broadening a word's meaning by children, such as using 'daddy' to refer to any man?
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What is the term for language used to develop social relationships and the process of interaction, such as in conversations or group discussions?
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What is the term for the stage of language development that focuses on brief utterances which contain only essential information?
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Study Notes
Language Change and Acquisition
- Graphology: the study of a language's writing system and visual elements
- Grammar: the rules for organizing meaning in a language, including syntax
- Orthography: the study of letters and spelling
- Phonology: the study of pronunciation and sound patterns
- Pragmatics: how social context affects language usage
- Morphology: the study of word structure and meaning
- Lexis: the vocabulary of a language
- Semantics: the study of word meaning
The Formation of New Words
-
Derivation: the process of creating new words from existing words
- Borrowing: deriving words from other languages (e.g., loanwords)
- Coinage: creating new words that are used, often nouns (e.g., Google)
- Neologism: words that seem to come from nothing, often used in advertising
- Eponym: words named after their creator or similar (e.g., Alzheimer's, Ford)
- Prefix: addition to the root of a word (e.g., like -> dislike)
- Suffix: addition to the stem of a word (e.g., slow -> slowly)
- Conversion: changing a word's meaning or function without changing its form (e.g., clean -> to clean)
- Telescoping: shortening a word or phrase to create a new word (e.g., acronyms)
- Compounding: combining two complete words to create a new word (e.g., flowerpot, toothbrush)
- Blending: combining parts of two words to create a new word (e.g., motel, Spanglish)
- Clipping: shortening a longer word while maintaining its function and meaning (e.g., mathematics -> maths)
- Coalescence: merging sounds in words, often in informal speech (e.g., wh -> w)
Changes in Meaning
- Etymology: the study of how words change in meaning
- Amelioration: the process of a word's meaning becoming more positive (e.g., nice -> kind)
- Pejoration: the process of a word's meaning becoming more negative (e.g., silly -> foolish)
- Broadening: the process of a word's meaning becoming more general (e.g., bird -> any type of bird)
- Narrowing: the process of a word's meaning becoming more specific (e.g., girl -> young female)
- Inflection: changing the function of a word by adding suffixes or affixes (e.g., jump -> jumped)
Views and Approaches
- Prescriptivist View: language change involves a decline in standards
- Descriptivist Approach: language is what people say and write, with no superior variety
Research Topic and Data Sources
- Corpus: a collection of spoken and written texts
- Corpus Data: data stored within a corpus
- Word Sketches: a detailed analysis of a word's meaning and usage
- Discourse Features: a study of language in context
Conversation and Language
- Opening Greetings: phrases used to open conversations
- Turn-taking: the process of allowing each person to speak without overlap
- Adjacency Pairs: statements and responses in a conversation
- Holding the Conversational Floor: the person currently speaking
- Clashing: when two people speak at the same time
- Repairing: correcting errors in a conversation
- Topic Shift: changing the topic of a conversation
- Conversation Endings: ways to close a conversation
Prosodic and Paralinguistic Features
- Paralinguistic Features: unspoken elements of communication (e.g., body language, facial expressions)
- Prosodic Features: manner of speaking (e.g., intonation, stress, tone, speed)
- Feedback: signals that the listener is following the conversation
- Verbal Responses: brief phrases or words (e.g., "Absolutely")
- Back-channel: noises or gestures used to show the listener is engaged
Features of Unscripted Language
- Back-channelling: noises or gestures used to show the listener is engaged
- Contraction: shortening a word or phrase
- Deixis: words used to refer to things in the context
- Discourse Markers: words used to connect conversations
- Elision: omitting sounds or words
- Ellipsis: omitting words or phrases
- False Starts: incorrect utterances
- Fixed Expressions: expressions used to provide predictability
- Hedges and Vague Language: strategies to avoid being direct
- Metalanguage: language used to talk about language
- Modality: items used to introduce option or compromise
- Non-fluency features: fillers used to give speakers time to think
- Non-standard Features and Forms: errors made by speakers
- Phatic Communication: polite "ice-breakers" used to open conversations
- Repetition: repeating words or phrases
- Tag Questions: questions used to prompt a response
- Vague Expressions: expressions used to soften requests
Features of Transcribed Speech
- Transcripts: written records of speech
- Phonetics: the study of speech sounds
- Phonemes: sounds used in spoken language
- Diacritics: marks used to indicate specific pronunciations
- Micropause: naturally taken pauses in speech
- Tone Units: groups of words separated by pauses
- Pitch Movement: the rise or fall in tone
- Tonic Syllable: the most important word in a tone unit
Stage of Language Acquisition
- Caretaker Language: language used by family and friends when speaking to a baby
- Holophrastic: words used by children to refer to multiple things
- Plosive: sounds used by babbling children
- Nasal: sounds used by babbling children
- Telegraphic Stage: stage of language development focused on brief utterances
- Overextension: broadening a word's meaning by children
- Underextension: narrowing a word's meaning by children
- Hypernyms: words that serve as a super generalised form
- Hyponym: words that are categorised under a more generalised form
- Virtuous Error: errors made by young children as they apply language rules
- Idioms: expressions with non-literal meanings
Cognitive Theory
- Object Permanence: the realisation that things have an independent existence
- Sensorimotor Stage: stage of language development focused on physical activities and sensations
- Preoperational Stage: stage of language development focused on thinking in definite terms
- Concrete Operational Stage: stage of language development focused on using language for outside experiences
- Formal Operational Stage: stage of language development focused on abstract ideas
- Vygotsky's Take on Cognitive Theory: the zone of proximal development and the use of language in social interaction
- Initiation-Response-Feedback: the process of teaching and learning language
Language Change and Acquisition
- Graphology: the study of a language's writing system and visual elements
- Grammar: the rules for organizing meaning in a language, including syntax
- Orthography: the study of letters and spelling
- Phonology: the study of pronunciation and sound patterns
- Pragmatics: how social context affects language usage
- Morphology: the study of word structure and meaning
- Lexis: the vocabulary of a language
- Semantics: the study of word meaning
The Formation of New Words
-
Derivation: the process of creating new words from existing words
- Borrowing: deriving words from other languages (e.g., loanwords)
- Coinage: creating new words that are used, often nouns (e.g., Google)
- Neologism: words that seem to come from nothing, often used in advertising
- Eponym: words named after their creator or similar (e.g., Alzheimer's, Ford)
- Prefix: addition to the root of a word (e.g., like -> dislike)
- Suffix: addition to the stem of a word (e.g., slow -> slowly)
- Conversion: changing a word's meaning or function without changing its form (e.g., clean -> to clean)
- Telescoping: shortening a word or phrase to create a new word (e.g., acronyms)
- Compounding: combining two complete words to create a new word (e.g., flowerpot, toothbrush)
- Blending: combining parts of two words to create a new word (e.g., motel, Spanglish)
- Clipping: shortening a longer word while maintaining its function and meaning (e.g., mathematics -> maths)
- Coalescence: merging sounds in words, often in informal speech (e.g., wh -> w)
Changes in Meaning
- Etymology: the study of how words change in meaning
- Amelioration: the process of a word's meaning becoming more positive (e.g., nice -> kind)
- Pejoration: the process of a word's meaning becoming more negative (e.g., silly -> foolish)
- Broadening: the process of a word's meaning becoming more general (e.g., bird -> any type of bird)
- Narrowing: the process of a word's meaning becoming more specific (e.g., girl -> young female)
- Inflection: changing the function of a word by adding suffixes or affixes (e.g., jump -> jumped)
Views and Approaches
- Prescriptivist View: language change involves a decline in standards
- Descriptivist Approach: language is what people say and write, with no superior variety
Research Topic and Data Sources
- Corpus: a collection of spoken and written texts
- Corpus Data: data stored within a corpus
- Word Sketches: a detailed analysis of a word's meaning and usage
- Discourse Features: a study of language in context
Conversation and Language
- Opening Greetings: phrases used to open conversations
- Turn-taking: the process of allowing each person to speak without overlap
- Adjacency Pairs: statements and responses in a conversation
- Holding the Conversational Floor: the person currently speaking
- Clashing: when two people speak at the same time
- Repairing: correcting errors in a conversation
- Topic Shift: changing the topic of a conversation
- Conversation Endings: ways to close a conversation
Prosodic and Paralinguistic Features
- Paralinguistic Features: unspoken elements of communication (e.g., body language, facial expressions)
- Prosodic Features: manner of speaking (e.g., intonation, stress, tone, speed)
- Feedback: signals that the listener is following the conversation
- Verbal Responses: brief phrases or words (e.g., "Absolutely")
- Back-channel: noises or gestures used to show the listener is engaged
Features of Unscripted Language
- Back-channelling: noises or gestures used to show the listener is engaged
- Contraction: shortening a word or phrase
- Deixis: words used to refer to things in the context
- Discourse Markers: words used to connect conversations
- Elision: omitting sounds or words
- Ellipsis: omitting words or phrases
- False Starts: incorrect utterances
- Fixed Expressions: expressions used to provide predictability
- Hedges and Vague Language: strategies to avoid being direct
- Metalanguage: language used to talk about language
- Modality: items used to introduce option or compromise
- Non-fluency features: fillers used to give speakers time to think
- Non-standard Features and Forms: errors made by speakers
- Phatic Communication: polite "ice-breakers" used to open conversations
- Repetition: repeating words or phrases
- Tag Questions: questions used to prompt a response
- Vague Expressions: expressions used to soften requests
Features of Transcribed Speech
- Transcripts: written records of speech
- Phonetics: the study of speech sounds
- Phonemes: sounds used in spoken language
- Diacritics: marks used to indicate specific pronunciations
- Micropause: naturally taken pauses in speech
- Tone Units: groups of words separated by pauses
- Pitch Movement: the rise or fall in tone
- Tonic Syllable: the most important word in a tone unit
Stage of Language Acquisition
- Caretaker Language: language used by family and friends when speaking to a baby
- Holophrastic: words used by children to refer to multiple things
- Plosive: sounds used by babbling children
- Nasal: sounds used by babbling children
- Telegraphic Stage: stage of language development focused on brief utterances
- Overextension: broadening a word's meaning by children
- Underextension: narrowing a word's meaning by children
- Hypernyms: words that serve as a super generalised form
- Hyponym: words that are categorised under a more generalised form
- Virtuous Error: errors made by young children as they apply language rules
- Idioms: expressions with non-literal meanings
Cognitive Theory
- Object Permanence: the realisation that things have an independent existence
- Sensorimotor Stage: stage of language development focused on physical activities and sensations
- Preoperational Stage: stage of language development focused on thinking in definite terms
- Concrete Operational Stage: stage of language development focused on using language for outside experiences
- Formal Operational Stage: stage of language development focused on abstract ideas
- Vygotsky's Take on Cognitive Theory: the zone of proximal development and the use of language in social interaction
- Initiation-Response-Feedback: the process of teaching and learning language
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Description
Explore the concepts of language change and acquisition, including graphology, grammar, orthography, phonology, and pragmatics.