Language and Literature

Conceptual Areas

• Texts question social and cultural norms of the time
• Stylistic resources are differentiated in context
• The structure of an argumentative text and its textual markers are understood
• Greek literary works like the Iliad and the Odyssey reflect values and beliefs of ancient Greek society

Achievement Indicators

• Verbal and non-verbal codes are expressed with critical sense in diverse human manifestations
• Cultural, social, and ideological implications are accounted for
• Knowledge of different language levels is evidenced in textual productions
• Control over language use in communicative contexts

Evaluation Criteria: Self-Assessment

• There is comprehension of topics discussed in class
• Active participation in discussions and activities is present
• Correct use of spelling and grammar rules

Evaluation Criteria

• Use of an appropriate tone and volume when communicating is important
• Texts are connected to real-life situations or other knowledge
• Tools like dictionaries, notes, and technology are used to enhance learning
• Responsibility, interest, and dedication are shown in different activities
• Being respectful to explanations or interventions from teachers and classmates
• Essential items are presented in each class for completing activities
• Reading literary works and completing reading comprehension activities is evident
• Difficulties in the subject are overcome
• The theory to be developed in conceptual areas is read in advance
• Literature is read within the stipulated time
• Active participation with meaningful ideas is present in class
• Responsibility is shown towards assigned activities
• Ability to work in teams and make significant contributions is demonstrated
• Following instructions correctly and appropriately defending evaluated workshops

Evaluation Criteria: Co-Evaluation

• There is demonstrated comprehension of the concepts
• Proper use of vocabulary related to the topic
• Ideas are insightful and critically analyzed
• Grammar, spelling, and punctuation rules are properly followed
• Ideas of classmates during group activities are respected and there is collaboration
• Constructive ideas are contributed during discussions or group work
• Innovative examples or resources in an expressive manner are used
• Speech is clear, with proficient pronunciation and fluency
• Texts are legible, well-structured, and relevant
• Provided resources like texts, books, and the internet are used effectively

Evaluation Criteria: Hetero-Evaluation

• Preparation for written evaluations and oral defenses is emphasized
• Comprehensive reading of texts is done
• Interest in the topics is shown
• Written compositions are created using correct spelling, punctuation, and grammatical categories
• Active engagement in discussions
• Commitment and consistency in learning
• Efforts to overcome difficulties with seeking help when is needed are visible
• Positive response to observations or constructive criticism is presented
• Listening and respect for others' ideas
• Taking advantage of corrections and suggestions provided to improve performance
• Planning time effectively and submitting work on time

Transversal Axis: Pastoral

• Pastoral work is strengthened by the principle of Marie Poussepin's Interiority
• Emphasis on recognizing the Word, a gift of God, as a link to communion and participation
• Expressing thoughts about the reality that surrounds us.
• Reflecting on one's own existence

Value: Trust

• When trust is high, communication becomes easy, instant, and effective
• Sharing personal wealth of spirit and listening to the good things in others is valued
• Learning to communicate with God, with others, and with nature is important too

Stylistic Resources

• Stylistic resources enhance the beauty of a text
• Descriptive and stylistic resources are types of expressions that embellish a text

Descriptive Stylistic Resources

• The purpose is to describe what one sees using words
  • Topography: Describes a specific place
  • Chronography: Describes a time or era
  • Prosopography: Describes the physical appearance of a person, animal, or object
  • Etopeya: Describes the moral qualities of a person
  • Portrait: Describes both physical and moral qualities of a person
  • Self-portrait: Describes oneself physically and morally

Stylistic Device

• Use of words to add expressiveness or beauty to surprise readers
  • Metaphor: Direct comparison between two ideas
  • Simile: Comparison that establishes similarity between two elements
  • Hyperbole: Exaggeration for expressive purposes
  • Asyndeton: Omission of a conjunction within enumeration
  • Polysyndeton: Inclusion of excessive conjunctions, creating repetition
  • Hyperbaton: Alteration of the traditional word order in a sentence
  • Onomatopoeia: Verbal representation of sounds
  • Synesthesia: Attribution of a sensation to an object or situation that is non-corresponding
  • Oxymoron: Use of contradictory terms
  • Personification: Attribution of human qualities to inanimate objects or animals
  • Anaphora: Rhythmic repetition of parts of a verse or phrase
  • Epithet: Adjective used to attribute qualities to a noun
  • Alliteration: Repetition of similar sounds
  • Irony: Conveying something opposite to what is said or thought
  • Pleonasm: Redundancy using words unnecessary to the meaning of the sentence
  • Aphorism: Consists of maxims or famous phrases

Ancient Literature: Greek and Latin

• Encompasses a broad period between the 4th and 3rd centuries AD

Archaic Period

• Characterized by myths blending history and folklore and transmitted orally
• Homer: Main author during this period

Classical Period

• Characterized by tragedy and comedy
• Greek writings are spread
• Aristotle: Notable author

Hellenistic Period

• Characterized by poetry and prose and expanding throughout the Mediterranean
• Horace: A main author
• Greek literature formed the basis for modern literature and fine arts
• Greek works influenced Roman culture and Western art, religion and traditions
• Greek literature used religious or mystical content, to explore cultural myths
• Iconic Greek literary characters belong to both popular imagination and religious stories
• Catharsis: purging of human emotions through suffering

Greek Literary Works

• The Iliad
• The Odyssey
• The Theban Cycle: Oedipus Rex, Oedipus in Colonus, Seven Against Thebes,Antigone, and The Phoenician Women
• The Oresteia: Agamemnon, The Libation Bearers, and The Eumenides
• Works and Days
• Theogony
• Homeric Hymns

Classical Greek Literary Genres

• Tragedies that portrayed great men who are brought down by hubris, were popular – Tragedies would evoke sorrow in the audience.
• Comedies sought to represent men as they are now – Comedies are designed to make men seem less respectable and show off their ascent.
• Satires aimed to represent things in a burlesque or humorous/mocking way

Main Representatives:

• Homer: A blind bard who wrote the Iliad and the Odyssey
• Hesiod: Poet and philosopher and the author of mythological essays
• Herodotus: Author and historian, author of Greek cosmogony
• Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides: Great tragedian playwrights
• Plato and Aristotle: Established lasting Greco-Roman philosophers

Argumentative Text

• A type of written/spoken text where the author aims to present a perspective on specific topics, aiming to convince the reader to adopt a certain viewpoint

Types of

• Essays: Literary texts that explore a theme from the author's POV
• Election propaganda: Aims to persuade voters to adopt a specific political stance
• Advertising: Convinces consumers to buy a brand or demonstrates product advantages
• Opinion texts: Written by media outlets who promote some social, political or intellectual ideas
• Legal texts: Interpret legal regulations

Structure

• Introduction or Approach: Establishes the initial situation
• Thesis or proposition: Group of ideas to defend arguments
• Conclusions or Synthesis: Summarizes the author's point of view

Discourse Markers

• Discourse markers: help combine/unite sentences and provide meaningful sense
  • To order: Before anything, In the first place, In the second place, For one side/For the other side
  • To introduce a topic: As for, Regarding, With relation to, For another part
  • To add ideas: Also, Likewise, Too, In the same way
  • To clarify: This means, So, This is
  • To exemplify: For example, In concrete, Specifically, In particular, Let's case
  • To express an opinion: For me, In my opinion, I believe, In my opinion/to seem
  • To indicate a hipotesis: It is posible, It is ProBable, ProBably, At best, Maybe
  • To indicate Oposition: But, In contrast, Although, However
  • To indicate concecuence: For that, So much, As concecuence, So
  • To indicate cause: Because, Alredy that, As, Given that
  • To resume: In short, With a few Words, To summarize, En sum, GloBally