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Questions and Answers
What concept explains the way humans can monitor the signals they produce during communication?
What concept explains the way humans can monitor the signals they produce during communication?
Which of the following features describes the ability to create new messages that did not exist before?
Which of the following features describes the ability to create new messages that did not exist before?
Which linguistic level focuses on the organization and structure of sentences?
Which linguistic level focuses on the organization and structure of sentences?
Which theory emphasizes the role of operant reinforcement in language acquisition?
Which theory emphasizes the role of operant reinforcement in language acquisition?
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What linguistic component deals with the sounds of speech and their organization?
What linguistic component deals with the sounds of speech and their organization?
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Which of these features is NOT part of Charles Hockett's design features of language?
Which of these features is NOT part of Charles Hockett's design features of language?
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In what theory is the distinction between surface structure and deep structure primarily discussed?
In what theory is the distinction between surface structure and deep structure primarily discussed?
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Which of the following best describes the ability to discuss events that are not currently occurring?
Which of the following best describes the ability to discuss events that are not currently occurring?
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Which of the following correctly lists the stages of cognitive development proposed by Jean Piaget?
Which of the following correctly lists the stages of cognitive development proposed by Jean Piaget?
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What concept introduced by Lev Vygotsky emphasizes the importance of social interactions in language and cognitive development?
What concept introduced by Lev Vygotsky emphasizes the importance of social interactions in language and cognitive development?
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Which of the following is an early stage of sound production in infants that occurs between 1 to 4 months?
Which of the following is an early stage of sound production in infants that occurs between 1 to 4 months?
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Which characteristic is true of a good language sample from a child?
Which characteristic is true of a good language sample from a child?
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In the context of language development, what does the term 'semantic constraints' refer to?
In the context of language development, what does the term 'semantic constraints' refer to?
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What is the stated role of social contact in the development of language according to Linda Smith?
What is the stated role of social contact in the development of language according to Linda Smith?
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What morpheme type is essential to consider when determining a child's Mean Length of Utterance (MLU)?
What morpheme type is essential to consider when determining a child's Mean Length of Utterance (MLU)?
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What does the McGurk effect illustrate in language perception?
What does the McGurk effect illustrate in language perception?
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What occurs when a pidgin language becomes the primary language of a group of people?
What occurs when a pidgin language becomes the primary language of a group of people?
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Which of the following is an example of an atypical phonological process?
Which of the following is an example of an atypical phonological process?
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Which statement is true regarding the diagnosis of dyslexia?
Which statement is true regarding the diagnosis of dyslexia?
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What is the typical age for diagnosing autism spectrum disorders using ADOS?
What is the typical age for diagnosing autism spectrum disorders using ADOS?
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What percentage of children experience a period of stuttering during their development?
What percentage of children experience a period of stuttering during their development?
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Which of the following best describes Specific Language Impairment (SLI)?
Which of the following best describes Specific Language Impairment (SLI)?
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What is the prevalence of dyslexia in the general population?
What is the prevalence of dyslexia in the general population?
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What is a common characteristic of dyslexia relating to phonological skills?
What is a common characteristic of dyslexia relating to phonological skills?
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Which of the following utterances represents a late stage 3 - early stage 4 development of interrogative forms?
Which of the following utterances represents a late stage 3 - early stage 4 development of interrogative forms?
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At what age is the average intelligibility of a child's speech approximately 75%?
At what age is the average intelligibility of a child's speech approximately 75%?
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What is the major change during the syntagmatic-paradigmatic shift in language development?
What is the major change during the syntagmatic-paradigmatic shift in language development?
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Which example indicates the use of a filler in language development?
Which example indicates the use of a filler in language development?
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What type of questions are typically understood and produced by children between ages 25 and 28 months?
What type of questions are typically understood and produced by children between ages 25 and 28 months?
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Which of the following best describes the term 'redoubling' in language acquisition?
Which of the following best describes the term 'redoubling' in language acquisition?
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Which of the following pairs serves as a cognate in the classification of English consonants?
Which of the following pairs serves as a cognate in the classification of English consonants?
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What is indicated by a child's utterance of 'What mommy doing?'?
What is indicated by a child's utterance of 'What mommy doing?'?
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Which of the following methods correctly describes the sequence of anatomical structures used to produce sound?
Which of the following methods correctly describes the sequence of anatomical structures used to produce sound?
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Which of the following terms refers to the psychological process of using reinforcement and punishment?
Which of the following terms refers to the psychological process of using reinforcement and punishment?
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Phonemes and Allophones are classified under which of the following systems?
Phonemes and Allophones are classified under which of the following systems?
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What is the term for the use of cavities to amplify sound?
What is the term for the use of cavities to amplify sound?
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Which feature of Charles Hockett's design features signifies non-cooperative communication?
Which feature of Charles Hockett's design features signifies non-cooperative communication?
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Which of the following pairs represents a type of morpheme?
Which of the following pairs represents a type of morpheme?
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Which of the following correctly describes the characteristics of positive reinforcement?
Which of the following correctly describes the characteristics of positive reinforcement?
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What term describes the concept of building linguistic forms based on existing structures?
What term describes the concept of building linguistic forms based on existing structures?
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What is the significance of joint attention in language development?
What is the significance of joint attention in language development?
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At what age does babbling typically begin in infants?
At what age does babbling typically begin in infants?
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Which sentence structure is emphasized by Chomsky as occurring first in language acquisition?
Which sentence structure is emphasized by Chomsky as occurring first in language acquisition?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic for a reliable language sample?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic for a reliable language sample?
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Which aspect of morphemes is most important when considering specific morphemes for language development?
Which aspect of morphemes is most important when considering specific morphemes for language development?
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At which stage do children typically start using intonation to form questions?
At which stage do children typically start using intonation to form questions?
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What type of early sounds, also known as proto-words, are included in the early stages of language development?
What type of early sounds, also known as proto-words, are included in the early stages of language development?
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Which of the following statements about Mean Length of Utterance (MLU) comparisons is accurate?
Which of the following statements about Mean Length of Utterance (MLU) comparisons is accurate?
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What does shaping in language acquisition primarily involve?
What does shaping in language acquisition primarily involve?
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Which technique involves systematically breaking down a complex speech task into smaller steps?
Which technique involves systematically breaking down a complex speech task into smaller steps?
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Which statement accurately reflects behaviorism as it applies to language acquisition?
Which statement accurately reflects behaviorism as it applies to language acquisition?
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What key idea is represented by Noam Chomsky's concept of deep structure?
What key idea is represented by Noam Chomsky's concept of deep structure?
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How does Jean Piaget's theory categorize cognitive development?
How does Jean Piaget's theory categorize cognitive development?
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Which term refers to Jean Piaget's process of adjusting mental frameworks to incorporate new information?
Which term refers to Jean Piaget's process of adjusting mental frameworks to incorporate new information?
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What does Lev Vygotsky's concept of the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) emphasize?
What does Lev Vygotsky's concept of the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) emphasize?
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What is private speech according to Vygotsky's theory?
What is private speech according to Vygotsky's theory?
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Which of the following refers specifically to innate linguistic characteristics common across languages?
Which of the following refers specifically to innate linguistic characteristics common across languages?
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What is a central idea of nativism in the context of language development?
What is a central idea of nativism in the context of language development?
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What is the purpose of total feedback in speech production?
What is the purpose of total feedback in speech production?
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Which term describes a language situation where a child combines elements from two languages?
Which term describes a language situation where a child combines elements from two languages?
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At what age is it typical for stuttering to begin to resolve on its own?
At what age is it typical for stuttering to begin to resolve on its own?
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What does 'intelligibility' refer to in children's speech development?
What does 'intelligibility' refer to in children's speech development?
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What type of language impairment is characterized by having intact intelligence but difficulties in one or more language areas?
What type of language impairment is characterized by having intact intelligence but difficulties in one or more language areas?
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Which of the following statements is accurate regarding the prevalence of stuttering?
Which of the following statements is accurate regarding the prevalence of stuttering?
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What best describes the nature of developmental language disorders (DLD)?
What best describes the nature of developmental language disorders (DLD)?
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What is considered a critical age for the diagnosis of dyslexia?
What is considered a critical age for the diagnosis of dyslexia?
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Which characteristic helps to distinguish natural sounds like nasals in speech development?
Which characteristic helps to distinguish natural sounds like nasals in speech development?
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Which of the following terms represents a method to enhance phonological skills in children with dyslexia?
Which of the following terms represents a method to enhance phonological skills in children with dyslexia?
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Study Notes
CD 305: Final Exam Review Topics
- Language acquisition theories, tools for measuring acquisition, typical and atypical development, models of language acquisition relating to disorders (including incidence in populations), anatomy/physiology, and linguistic system components will be covered.
Understanding Language Acquisition
- The process of learning to understand and use language involves a cyclical interplay of observation, analysis, hypothesis formulation, evaluating measures, and identification of pertinent variables.
Anatomy/Physiology of Language
- Respiration, phonation, resonation, and articulation are key physiological processes in speech production.
- Speech and sign language articulators are relevant components.
Linguistic System Components
- Phonology: phonemes and phonological rules
- Morphology: bound and free morphemes.
- Semantics: mental lexicon
- Syntax: word class, word order, and syntactic rules
- Prosody: suprasegmental features, and intonation
- Pragmatics: context and turn-taking
Hockett's Design Features of Language
- Vocal-auditory channel: production and reception use mouth and ears.
- Broadcast transmission: communication's range.
- Rapid fading: signals need to be perceived immediately.
- Total Feedback: speakers monitor the output signals.
- Specialization: language is for communicative purposes.
- Arbitrariness: no fixed connection between words' form and meaning.
- Discreteness: language's components are discrete units.
- Duality of patterning: sounds combine to form meaningful units.
- Interchangeability: anyone can use language to communicate.
- Semanticity: words carry meaning.
- Productivity: new messages can be created.
- Displacement: Ability to discuss events in different times and places.
- Recursion: stacking linguistic forms.
- Prevarication (lying): ability to lie using language.
- Reflexivity: using language to discuss language.
- Learnability: language is learned in specific environments.
B.F. Skinner's View of Language Acquisition
- Operant conditioning
- Reinforcement
- Shaping
- Chaining
Noam Chomsky's View of Language Acquisition
- Discourse level and propositions.
- Linguistic hierarchical structures: words, morphemes, phonemes.
- Surface/deep structure and phrase/transformation rules.
Joseph Greenberg's Language Universals
- Word order, modifier location, and number are language universals.
- Word ordering is consistent (demonstrative, numeral, adjective) when found before nouns, and reversed order or its opposite when found after nouns.
Jean Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
- Sensorimotor
- Preoperational
- Concrete operational
- Formal operational
- Schemata/Assimilation/Accommodation/Equilibrium underpin cognitive language development.
Lev Vygotsky's Socio-cultural Approach to Language Acquisition
- Social interaction is crucial for language and cognitive development.
- Private speech
- Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
Dynamic Systems Theory (Linda Smith)
- Language, perception, cognition, and the social environment are interconnected.
- Social contact and joint attention are important for development.
- Shape bias and McGurk effect are related concepts
Language Development Stages
- 0-24 months
- 2-preschool years
- School age (reading/writing)
Early Sounds in Development
- ordering by age: reflexive cries, vegetative sounds, cooing, differentiated crying, laughing, marginal babbling, reduplicated babbling, variegated babbling, jargon babbling, and vocables.
Word and Sentence Emergence
- First words tend to be nouns.
- Sentence word order (in English): Subject-Verb-Object; early sentences may start as Verb-Object, then progression to Subject-Verb-Object.
Good Language Sample Characteristics
- Reliability: typical representation of a child's language skills, consistent.
- Validity: representation compared to other children's samples, fair assessment.
Specific Morphemes to Look Out For
- List of morphemes across a range of ranks, examples, and age of mastery for development.
Mean Length of Utterances (MLU)
- A method for measuring language development.
- Defines when a word consists of more than one morpheme: including pluralization, possessive cases, and verb tenses.
When MLUs Don't Count
- Utterances like learned reduplication, fillers, false starts, and memorized phrases/repetitions. Numerical values relating to MLU and age equivalents are included.
MLU and Age Approximations
- A table of approximations for age equivalent against MLU ranges
Syntactic Development: Questions
- Question types are understood before production and are affected by conversational cooperation.
- Production examples include yes/no, and wh- questions, across various language stages and MLU ranges.
Vocabulary Expansion
- Syntactic and paradigmatic shifts reflect development in categorizing words and describing relationships between words.
Classification of English Consonants
- Articulatory phonetics description.
Intelligibility Norms
- Percentage of intelligibility (understandability of speech) across age ranges.
Sound Production: Typical vs. Atypical
- Fronting/backing, stops for fricatives/fricatives for stops, glides replacing /r/ or /l/, stops replacing glides, final consonant deletion, and initial consonant deletion characterize common speech sounds production patterns in typical development versus atypical development.
Pidgins/Creoles and Language Evolution
- Pidgin: common languages growing from contact among speakers from different backgrounds, adopting elements from dominant languages while retaining native syntax.
- Creole: if a new pidgin language becomes a dominant language in a community.
- Decreolization: languages develop to merge more closely with the grammar and vocabulary base of the dominant language.
Communicative Disorders
- Broad subject categorization
Autism Spectrum
- Definition, prevalence, diagnostic criteria, age of diagnosis, incidence in US, and possible underdiagnosis of females.
Dyslexia
- Definition, prevalence, diagnostic criteria, age of diagnosis, and subtypes influencing diagnostic criteria.
Specific Language Impairment/Developmental Language Disorder (SLI/DLD)
- Definition, prevalence, diagnostic criteria, age of diagnosis, and characteristics of possible delay in language domains.
Stuttering
- Definition, prevalence, diagnostic criteria, characteristics of disfluencies per 100 words, and typical age of diagnosis.
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Description
Test your knowledge on key concepts in language and communication with this quiz. Topics include linguistic levels, theories of language acquisition, and the contributions of influential psychologists like Vygotsky and Piaget. Explore how humans create and comprehend language through various linguistic principles.
