Language and Communication Concepts Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What concept explains the way humans can monitor the signals they produce during communication?

  • Total feedback (correct)
  • Displacement
  • Interchangeability
  • Rapid fading

Which of the following features describes the ability to create new messages that did not exist before?

  • Productivity (correct)
  • Semanticity/indexicality
  • Displacement
  • Arbitrariness

Which linguistic level focuses on the organization and structure of sentences?

  • Semantics
  • Phonology
  • Syntax (correct)
  • Morphology

Which theory emphasizes the role of operant reinforcement in language acquisition?

<p>B.F. Skinner's theory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What linguistic component deals with the sounds of speech and their organization?

<p>Phonology (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these features is NOT part of Charles Hockett's design features of language?

<p>Syntax (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what theory is the distinction between surface structure and deep structure primarily discussed?

<p>Noam Chomsky's theory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the ability to discuss events that are not currently occurring?

<p>Displacement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly lists the stages of cognitive development proposed by Jean Piaget?

<p>Sensorimotor, Pre-operational, Concrete operational, Formal operational (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept introduced by Lev Vygotsky emphasizes the importance of social interactions in language and cognitive development?

<p>Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an early stage of sound production in infants that occurs between 1 to 4 months?

<p>Cooing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is true of a good language sample from a child?

<p>It should be representative of the child’s abilities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of language development, what does the term 'semantic constraints' refer to?

<p>The limitations on the order of adjectives before nouns in English (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the stated role of social contact in the development of language according to Linda Smith?

<p>It is crucial for language development. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What morpheme type is essential to consider when determining a child's Mean Length of Utterance (MLU)?

<p>Specific morphemes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the McGurk effect illustrate in language perception?

<p>The interaction between visual and auditory input in speech perception (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when a pidgin language becomes the primary language of a group of people?

<p>It turns into a creole language (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an atypical phonological process?

<p>Backing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the diagnosis of dyslexia?

<p>Its criteria depend on the subtype (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical age for diagnosing autism spectrum disorders using ADOS?

<p>From 18 months (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of children experience a period of stuttering during their development?

<p>5% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes Specific Language Impairment (SLI)?

<p>A delay in one or more language domains (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the prevalence of dyslexia in the general population?

<p>11% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of dyslexia relating to phonological skills?

<p>Phonological segmentation difficulties (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following utterances represents a late stage 3 - early stage 4 development of interrogative forms?

<p>Why is he eating? (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age is the average intelligibility of a child's speech approximately 75%?

<p>3 years (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the major change during the syntagmatic-paradigmatic shift in language development?

<p>Children focus on word meaning over syntactic role. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which example indicates the use of a filler in language development?

<p>Um, can I have a cookie? (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of questions are typically understood and produced by children between ages 25 and 28 months?

<p>Yes/no questions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the term 'redoubling' in language acquisition?

<p>Learning a word by repeating it multiple times. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following pairs serves as a cognate in the classification of English consonants?

<p>/s/ and /z/ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by a child's utterance of 'What mommy doing?'?

<p>Emerging ability in forming questions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods correctly describes the sequence of anatomical structures used to produce sound?

<p>Lungs, larynx, vocal tract (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following terms refers to the psychological process of using reinforcement and punishment?

<p>Operant conditioning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Phonemes and Allophones are classified under which of the following systems?

<p>Phonological system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the use of cavities to amplify sound?

<p>Resonation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature of Charles Hockett's design features signifies non-cooperative communication?

<p>Prevarication (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following pairs represents a type of morpheme?

<p>Bound and free morphemes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the characteristics of positive reinforcement?

<p>Providing a desirable stimulus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the concept of building linguistic forms based on existing structures?

<p>Recursion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of joint attention in language development?

<p>It establishes a shared focus between caregiver and child. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age does babbling typically begin in infants?

<p>5 months (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sentence structure is emphasized by Chomsky as occurring first in language acquisition?

<p>Verb-Object (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic for a reliable language sample?

<p>The child is currently ill. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of morphemes is most important when considering specific morphemes for language development?

<p>Frequency of use and ease of production. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At which stage do children typically start using intonation to form questions?

<p>Stage 1 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of early sounds, also known as proto-words, are included in the early stages of language development?

<p>Vocables (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about Mean Length of Utterance (MLU) comparisons is accurate?

<p>Comparing MLU requires a valid peer sample. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does shaping in language acquisition primarily involve?

<p>Gradually reinforcing closer approximations to a target behavior (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technique involves systematically breaking down a complex speech task into smaller steps?

<p>Chaining (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects behaviorism as it applies to language acquisition?

<p>It suggests external reinforcement is key to learning behaviors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key idea is represented by Noam Chomsky's concept of deep structure?

<p>The innate linguistic capabilities of humans (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Jean Piaget's theory categorize cognitive development?

<p>Through clearly defined developmental stages (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to Jean Piaget's process of adjusting mental frameworks to incorporate new information?

<p>Accommodation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Lev Vygotsky's concept of the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) emphasize?

<p>Children achieve more with appropriate scaffolding and support. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is private speech according to Vygotsky's theory?

<p>A practice tool for children to work through language concepts. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following refers specifically to innate linguistic characteristics common across languages?

<p>Language universals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a central idea of nativism in the context of language development?

<p>Language abilities are inherited and biologically programmed. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of total feedback in speech production?

<p>To monitor one's own articulatory movements (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes a language situation where a child combines elements from two languages?

<p>Creole (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age is it typical for stuttering to begin to resolve on its own?

<p>2 years (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'intelligibility' refer to in children's speech development?

<p>The clarity and understandability of speech (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of language impairment is characterized by having intact intelligence but difficulties in one or more language areas?

<p>Specific Language Impairment (SLI) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is accurate regarding the prevalence of stuttering?

<p>Approximately 5% of the population stutters at some point in their lives. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the nature of developmental language disorders (DLD)?

<p>They show a significant disparity between language and general intelligence. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is considered a critical age for the diagnosis of dyslexia?

<p>Before the age of 7 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic helps to distinguish natural sounds like nasals in speech development?

<p>They often appear earlier and are more accurate. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following terms represents a method to enhance phonological skills in children with dyslexia?

<p>Mapping to phoneme graphs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Vocal-auditory channel

The use of mouth and ears for producing and perceiving speech.

Arbitrariness

No inherent connection between a word's form and its meaning.

Discreteness

Limited inventory of sounds used to create words.

Operant Conditioning

Learning through positive reinforcement.

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Shaping

Gradually reinforcing desired behavior.

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Surface Structure

The way a sentence is actually spoken or written.

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Deep Structure

The underlying meaning of a sentence.

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Phrase Structure Rules

Rules that govern the arrangement of words into phrases.

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Greenberg's Word Order Universal

A universal language rule stating that when prenominal modifiers (demonstrative, numeral, adjective) precede the noun, their order is fixed; if they follow, the order is either the same or reversed.

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Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development

Piaget proposed four stages of cognitive development: sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete operational, and formal operational, each characterized by specific cognitive abilities.

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Schema

A cognitive framework that helps organize and interpret information based on prior experiences, influencing how we understand the world.

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Assimilation (Cognitive)

The process of incorporating new information into existing schemas without changing the schema.

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Accommodation (Cognitive)

The process of modifying existing schemas to accommodate new information that doesn't fit.

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Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

The gap between what a learner can achieve independently and what they can achieve with assistance; represents the potential for growth and learning.

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Dynamic Systems Theory (Language)

A perspective on language development that emphasizes ongoing interaction between cognition, perception, and the social environment, leading to individual differences in language acquisition.

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Shape Bias

The tendency for young children to generalize a new word to objects of the same shape, even if they are made of different materials or have other features.

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MLU

Mean Length of Utterance, a measure of a child's language complexity calculated by averaging the number of morphemes per utterance.

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Morphemes

The smallest unit of meaning in language, can be a whole word or part of a word.

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What does 'playing' count as?

'Playing' counts as one morpheme because it's a verb in the present progressive tense, needing '-ing' to function.

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What doesn't count as a morpheme?

Filler words like 'um', false starts, and memorized phrases don't count as morphemes because they don't contribute to meaning.

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Syntagmatic-Paradigmatic Shift

The gradual change in a child's thinking from focusing on the sentence structure (syntagmatic) to focusing on the meaning and categories of words (paradigmatic).

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Intelligibility Norms

A general guideline for how well others can understand a child's speech at different ages.

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What does 'cognate pair' mean?

Two words that have the same pronunciation but differ in voicing, for example, 'fat' and 'vat'.

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What are 'yes/no' questions?

Questions that require a simple 'yes' or 'no' answer, typically formed by inverting the subject and auxiliary verb.

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Atypical Speech

Speech patterns that deviate from typical development, often involving substitutions, deletions, or distortions of sounds.

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Fronting

A sound substitution error where a sound produced at the back of the mouth is replaced with a sound made at the front of the mouth.

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Backing

A sound substitution error where a sound produced at the front of the mouth is replaced with a sound made at the back of the mouth.

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Pidgin Language

A simplified language developed for communication between speakers of different languages, often using vocabulary from the dominant language and grammar from the nondominant language.

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Creole Language

A pidgin language that has become the native language of a community, evolving its own grammar and becoming more complex.

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Decreolization

The process where a creole language gradually becomes more similar to the language of the dominant culture.

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Autism Spectrum

A neurodevelopmental condition characterized by difficulties in social interaction, communication, and repetitive behaviors.

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Dyslexia

A learning disorder characterized by difficulties with reading, particularly in the areas of phonological awareness, decoding, and fluency.

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Phonation

The process of creating sound by vibrating the vocal folds in the larynx.

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Resonation

Amplifying and modifying sound through the cavities of the vocal tract (pharynx, mouth, nose).

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Articulation

The shaping of sounds into distinct phonemes by moving the tongue, lips, and other articulators.

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What is the order of sound production?

  1. Lungs provide air, 2. Larynx (vocal cords) vibrate, 3. Vocal tract (pharynx, mouth, nose) modifies sound.
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Phonological System

A system of sound rules, including phonemes and allophones.

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Morphological System

A system of word structure, including bound and free morphemes.

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Duality of Patterning

The ability to use a finite set of sounds to create an infinite number of meaningful words and sentences.

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Recursion

The ability to embed linguistic structures within other structures, creating complex sentences.

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Joint Attention

When a child and a caregiver both focus on the same object or event, demonstrating shared understanding and interest.

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Characteristics of Joint Attention

Children demonstrate joint attention by following eye gaze, responding to pointing, and pointing themselves to direct attention.

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Early Sounds: Babbling

Early sounds made by infants, typically starting around 5 months, that consist of repeated syllables and are crucial for language development.

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Vocables

Early, prototypical words used by infants that have a consistent meaning but often lack a standard pronunciation.

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First Words: Nouns

Nouns are typically the first words children learn because they are tangible and frequently encountered.

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Good Language Sample

A reliable and valid representation of a child's language abilities, considering factors like their motivation, health, and linguistic background.

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Early Morphemes

Small units of meaning in language that are often learned early on, such as 'in', 'on', and 'ing' (present progressive tense).

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Shaping (Language Development)

A technique where gradually reinforcing closer approximations of a desired behavior helps a child learn a new language skill, like a word or phrase.

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Chaining (Speech Therapy)

Breaking down a complex speech sound or word into smaller steps and teaching each step in sequence to help children with speech difficulties or Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS).

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Behaviorism vs. Nativism

Behaviorism believes language is learned through environmental interactions and reinforcement, while nativism proposes innate language abilities are pre-programmed in the brain.

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Deep Structure vs. Surface Structure

Deep structure refers to the underlying meaning of a sentence, while surface structure is the way it is spoken or written.

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Transformation Rules (Language Acquisition)

Rules that allow us to create different sentence structures from the same deep structure, such as asking questions, negating, or embedding.

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Language Universals

Characteristics common to all human languages, suggesting a universal blueprint for language processing in the brain.

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Schema (Cognitive Development)

A mental file folder that organizes and interprets information based on past experiences, influencing how we understand the world.

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Assimilation & Accommodation (Cognitive Development)

Assimilation fits new information into existing schemas, while accommodation modifies schemas to accommodate new information that doesn't fit.

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Inference in Observing

When you ask a question about something you're observing, you're making an inference, which is a conclusion based on evidence and reasoning.

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Paradigmatic Learning

Learning involves understanding the whole category or system, like recognizing all types of berries instead of just one.

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Syntagmatic Learning

Focusing on the structure and order of things, like how words are put together in a sentence.

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Articulation & Speech Production

The way we move our mouth and tongue to create different sounds, which is important for clear and accurate speech.

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Natural Sounds

Sounds that are easy for babies to produce because they require less complex motor control, like 'm' or 'n'.

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Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

A neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by difficulties with social communication, language delay, and repetitive behaviors.

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Specific Language Impairment (SLI)/Developmental Language Disorder (DLD)

A language disorder where a child has difficulty with language development despite normal intelligence.

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Study Notes

CD 305: Final Exam Review Topics

  • Language acquisition theories, tools for measuring acquisition, typical and atypical development, models of language acquisition relating to disorders (including incidence in populations), anatomy/physiology, and linguistic system components will be covered.

Understanding Language Acquisition

  • The process of learning to understand and use language involves a cyclical interplay of observation, analysis, hypothesis formulation, evaluating measures, and identification of pertinent variables.

Anatomy/Physiology of Language

  • Respiration, phonation, resonation, and articulation are key physiological processes in speech production.
  • Speech and sign language articulators are relevant components.

Linguistic System Components

  • Phonology: phonemes and phonological rules
  • Morphology: bound and free morphemes.
  • Semantics: mental lexicon
  • Syntax: word class, word order, and syntactic rules
  • Prosody: suprasegmental features, and intonation
  • Pragmatics: context and turn-taking

Hockett's Design Features of Language

  • Vocal-auditory channel: production and reception use mouth and ears.
  • Broadcast transmission: communication's range.
  • Rapid fading: signals need to be perceived immediately.
  • Total Feedback: speakers monitor the output signals.
  • Specialization: language is for communicative purposes.
  • Arbitrariness: no fixed connection between words' form and meaning.
  • Discreteness: language's components are discrete units.
  • Duality of patterning: sounds combine to form meaningful units.
  • Interchangeability: anyone can use language to communicate.
  • Semanticity: words carry meaning.
  • Productivity: new messages can be created.
  • Displacement: Ability to discuss events in different times and places.
  • Recursion: stacking linguistic forms.
  • Prevarication (lying): ability to lie using language.
  • Reflexivity: using language to discuss language.
  • Learnability: language is learned in specific environments.

B.F. Skinner's View of Language Acquisition

  • Operant conditioning
  • Reinforcement
  • Shaping
  • Chaining

Noam Chomsky's View of Language Acquisition

  • Discourse level and propositions.
  • Linguistic hierarchical structures: words, morphemes, phonemes.
  • Surface/deep structure and phrase/transformation rules.

Joseph Greenberg's Language Universals

  • Word order, modifier location, and number are language universals.
  • Word ordering is consistent (demonstrative, numeral, adjective) when found before nouns, and reversed order or its opposite when found after nouns.

Jean Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development

  • Sensorimotor
  • Preoperational
  • Concrete operational
  • Formal operational
  • Schemata/Assimilation/Accommodation/Equilibrium underpin cognitive language development.

Lev Vygotsky's Socio-cultural Approach to Language Acquisition

  • Social interaction is crucial for language and cognitive development.
  • Private speech
  • Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

Dynamic Systems Theory (Linda Smith)

  • Language, perception, cognition, and the social environment are interconnected.
  • Social contact and joint attention are important for development.
  • Shape bias and McGurk effect are related concepts

Language Development Stages

  • 0-24 months
  • 2-preschool years
  • School age (reading/writing)

Early Sounds in Development

  • ordering by age: reflexive cries, vegetative sounds, cooing, differentiated crying, laughing, marginal babbling, reduplicated babbling, variegated babbling, jargon babbling, and vocables.

Word and Sentence Emergence

  • First words tend to be nouns.
  • Sentence word order (in English): Subject-Verb-Object; early sentences may start as Verb-Object, then progression to Subject-Verb-Object.

Good Language Sample Characteristics

  • Reliability: typical representation of a child's language skills, consistent.
  • Validity: representation compared to other children's samples, fair assessment.

Specific Morphemes to Look Out For

  • List of morphemes across a range of ranks, examples, and age of mastery for development.

Mean Length of Utterances (MLU)

  • A method for measuring language development.
  • Defines when a word consists of more than one morpheme: including pluralization, possessive cases, and verb tenses.

When MLUs Don't Count

  • Utterances like learned reduplication, fillers, false starts, and memorized phrases/repetitions. Numerical values relating to MLU and age equivalents are included.

MLU and Age Approximations

  • A table of approximations for age equivalent against MLU ranges

Syntactic Development: Questions

  • Question types are understood before production and are affected by conversational cooperation.
  • Production examples include yes/no, and wh- questions, across various language stages and MLU ranges.

Vocabulary Expansion

  • Syntactic and paradigmatic shifts reflect development in categorizing words and describing relationships between words.

Classification of English Consonants

  • Articulatory phonetics description.

Intelligibility Norms

  • Percentage of intelligibility (understandability of speech) across age ranges.

Sound Production: Typical vs. Atypical

  • Fronting/backing, stops for fricatives/fricatives for stops, glides replacing /r/ or /l/, stops replacing glides, final consonant deletion, and initial consonant deletion characterize common speech sounds production patterns in typical development versus atypical development.

Pidgins/Creoles and Language Evolution

  • Pidgin: common languages growing from contact among speakers from different backgrounds, adopting elements from dominant languages while retaining native syntax.
  • Creole: if a new pidgin language becomes a dominant language in a community.
  • Decreolization: languages develop to merge more closely with the grammar and vocabulary base of the dominant language.

Communicative Disorders

  • Broad subject categorization

Autism Spectrum

  • Definition, prevalence, diagnostic criteria, age of diagnosis, incidence in US, and possible underdiagnosis of females.

Dyslexia

  • Definition, prevalence, diagnostic criteria, age of diagnosis, and subtypes influencing diagnostic criteria.

Specific Language Impairment/Developmental Language Disorder (SLI/DLD)

  • Definition, prevalence, diagnostic criteria, age of diagnosis, and characteristics of possible delay in language domains.

Stuttering

  • Definition, prevalence, diagnostic criteria, characteristics of disfluencies per 100 words, and typical age of diagnosis.

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CD 305: Final Exam Review PDF
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Description

Test your knowledge on key concepts in language and communication with this quiz. Topics include linguistic levels, theories of language acquisition, and the contributions of influential psychologists like Vygotsky and Piaget. Explore how humans create and comprehend language through various linguistic principles.

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