Language Acquisition and Development
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Questions and Answers

At what age does communication through gestures typically onset?

  • 9 months (correct)
  • 15 months
  • 12 months
  • 6 months

Which category of words constitutes over half of the words children use during the one-word stage?

  • Action words
  • General nominals (correct)
  • Descriptive words
  • Specific nominals

What is the average vocabulary size of a child around 18 months of age?

  • 150 words
  • 300 words
  • 500 words
  • 50 words (correct)

When do children typically start to produce two-word sentences?

<p>18 months (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for early words being used in certain contexts only?

<p>Context-bound usage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do children achieve rapidly after they start combining words to form sentences?

<p>Complexity of grammar (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

By age 6, what is the average vocabulary size of a child?

<p>13000 words (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key criterion for a sound to qualify as a word during the one-word stage?

<p>Consistency of use to refer to an object or action (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'Mean Length of Utterance' (MLU) refer to?

<p>The average number of words used in children's sentences (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is typically observed in the rate of vocabulary acquisition after children produce their first word?

<p>It accelerates rapidly (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the pre-linguistic stage of language acquisition?

<p>Crying is the primary means of communication until about 2 months. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Reference Principle imply about children's understanding of words?

<p>Children believe a word refers to one class of objects only. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age do infants typically start producing babbling sounds?

<p>6 months (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by the universality of babbling?

<p>The types of sounds produced are similar regardless of culture. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle suggests that a word encompasses all members of a class rather than a single instance?

<p>Extendability Principle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of language development is emphasized by the idea that children actively engage in understanding adult language?

<p>Children make associations between words and objects. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does sound learning occur in infants during the pre-linguistic stage?

<p>They stop using sounds they do not hear in their linguistic environment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When do children typically start to demonstrate turn-taking in communication?

<p>18 months (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of language understanding tends to exceed language production in infants?

<p>Receptive language abilities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true regarding the transition between stages of language acquisition?

<p>Transitions between stages happen gradually over time. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of language refers to the social use of language in communication?

<p>Pragmatics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the initial stage of children's speech development?

<p>Mainly telegraphic speech with critical words (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about the order in which children learn language categories and words?

<p>Children learn both categories and words simultaneously. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Echolalia in infants is characterized by what behavior?

<p>Stringing together babbling sounds with intonation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant factor that does NOT contribute to variability in language acquisition in children?

<p>Geographical location. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age do children typically begin to show a grammar explosion?

<p>30 months (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle explains that children initially associate words with whole objects rather than their parts?

<p>Whole-object Principle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which research method focuses on studying children over an extended period?

<p>Longitudinal research. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of overregularisation in children's speech?

<p>Using 'go' as 'goed' (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What assumption might children make about learning the meaning of words during early development?

<p>A word should refer exclusively to one specific object. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is typically absent in children's speech until around the age of 5?

<p>Comprehension of passive sentences (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the misconceived idea that children learn the meaning of a word solely through exposure neglect?

<p>The role of social interactions in language learning. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary way infants communicate before developing language skills?

<p>Crying with varied pitches. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of a child's cognitive development is supported by their ability to use shifting gaze?

<p>Facilitating turn-taking behavior (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What indicates that children apply grammatical rules rather than simply imitating adult speech?

<p>Overregularisation errors in their speech (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might children confuse the meaning of passive sentences?

<p>They lack exposure to such sentence structures. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What commonly begins to appear in children's speech during preschool age?

<p>Combining ideas with function words (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of the grammar children learn by ages 4 to 5?

<p>Most of the grammar used as adults has been acquired. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the length and complexity of sentences in early language development?

<p>Short and simple with only critical words (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do children typically learn word meanings in their early development?

<p>By associating sounds with categories of objects or actions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cross-sectional Research

Comparing language development across different age groups at the same time.

Longitudinal Research

Studying language development in the same children over a long period.

Pre-linguistic Stage

The period before a child speaks their first words.

Cooing

Vowel sounds (e.g., 'ooooo') often associated with pleasure.

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Babbling

Combining vowels and consonants (e.g., 'ba', 'pa') during infancy.

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Echolalia

Repeating sounds or intonations in language.

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Receptive Language

Understanding spoken language.

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Expressive Language

Producing spoken language.

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Variability in Language Acquisition

Differences in the rate and way children learn language.

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Stages of Language Acquisition

Predictable stages of language development in all children.

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One-Word Stage

Time period when children start using words, with most vocalizations still being babbling.

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Early Words

Word approximations, not exact adult words, used by young children.

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Vocabulary Explosion

Rapid increase in vocabulary, beginning around 16-18 months.

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18-month vocabulary

Estimated vocabulary size of approximately 50 words around 18 months old.

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2-year-old vocabulary

Estimated vocabulary size of roughly 300 words at age 2.

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General Nominals

Common object names (e.g., bottle), comprising most of a child's early words.

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Holophrases

Using single words to convey multiple meanings/messages within context.

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Two-Word Stage

Stage where children start forming two-word sentences and develop basic grammar.

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Mean Length of Utterance (MLU)

Average number of words in a child's sentences.

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6-year-old vocabulary

Average vocabulary size of approximately 13,000 words by age 6.

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Early Grammar

The stage of language development where children use short, simple sentences with basic grammar rules.

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Telegraphic Speech

Speech that uses only essential words, omitting unnecessary ones (e.g., 'want juice' instead of 'I want some juice').

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Grammar Explosion

A period of rapid language development where children start using more complex grammar, longer sentences, and grammatical structures.

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Inflections

Changes in words to indicate grammatical function, such as adding 's' for plural or 'ed' for past tense.

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Function Words

Words that connect words or phrases, creating a sentence structure (e.g., 'the', 'a', 'and', 'but').

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Overregularization

Applying regular grammatical rules to irregular cases (e.g., 'go-ed' instead of 'went', 'sheeps' instead of 'sheep').

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How do children understand word meaning?

Children need to learn that specific sounds refer to things or actions. This is a fundamental question in language acquisition.

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Conjunctions

Words that connect two or more ideas within a sentence (e.g., 'and', 'but', 'because').

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Passive Sentences

Sentences where the object of the action comes before the subject (e.g., 'The ball was kicked by the boy').

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Language Acquisition

The process of learning to use, understand, and acquire language.

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Reference Principle

Words refer to specific objects or categories, not parts or properties.

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Mutual Exclusivity Assumption

Children initially believe that each word refers to only one object or category.

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Extendability Principle

Words can represent a whole class of objects, not just a single instance.

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Whole-Object Principle

Words usually refer to the entire object, not just parts of it.

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Pragmatics

How language is used in context to communicate effectively.

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Turn-taking in communication

Children learn to take turns in conversation by around 18 months.

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Learning words: concept first or word first?

Children might learn a concept then the word, or learn the word then the concept – likely both happen.

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Active learning of language

Children actively try to understand language by connecting words to objects, not just passively hearing words.

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Language development is NOT passive

Children don't just 'absorb' language, they actively work to decipher its meaning.

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Early word learning challenges

When a parent points to an object and says 'dog', the child must learn the word's meaning amidst other possibilities like the dog's tail, its actions, or its properties.

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Study Notes

Language Acquisition

  • Cross-sectional research studies different age groups of children.
  • Longitudinal research tracks the same children over time.
  • Language development is influenced by biological, social, and cultural factors.
  • Language acquisition follows predictable stages, regardless of the language.
  • Transitions between stages are gradual.

Stages of Language Acquisition: Pre-linguistic Stage

  • This stage occurs from birth to around 12 months.
  • Infants are highly sensitive to speech sounds from birth.
  • Crying is the main form of communication in the first few months.
  • Cooing (vowel sounds) begins around 2 months.
  • Babbling (combining vowels and consonants) starts around 6 months, universally, similar sounds regardless of hearing or culture.
  • Babbling may stop based on the sounds the infant hears.

Stages of Language Acquisition: One-Word Stage

  • This stage starts around 12 months with the emergence of spoken words
  • Early words are approximations of adult words.
  • Consistent use of a word signifies it's a word.
  • Vocabulary explosions around 16-18 months leading to quicker word acquisition.
  • Vocabulary size significantly increases by age 2(around 300 words).
  • Word categories learned commonly include general (objects), specific (animals/people), and actions.

Stages of Language Acquisition:Two-Word Stage

  • Two-word sentences emerge around 18 months.
  • Marks the start of syntax (grammar rules).
  • Sentence length grows quickly, grammar progresses.

Meaning and Word Meaning

  • Meaning is learned through associations with objects and actions related to words.
  • Principles children often use:
    • Reference (words name objects).
    • Extendability (a word names a class, not just one thing.)
    • Whole object: entire object, not part of.

Pragmatics

  • Pragmatics (use of language to communicate) involves turn-taking and adapting speech to the audience.
  • Turn-taking skill develops around 18 months.
  • Different speech for different audiences (e.g., addressing adults vs. children) develops later, around age 4.
  • Most communication skills are learned by age 5.

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Process of Language Acquisition PDF

Description

This quiz explores the stages of language acquisition in children, focusing on the pre-linguistic and one-word stages. It covers essential concepts like cross-sectional and longitudinal research, and how biological, social, and cultural factors influence language development. Test your knowledge on the predictable patterns and changes in children's language abilities!

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