Landsat Sensors Overview
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Questions and Answers

What type of sensor is the Operational Land Imager (OLI) on Landsat-8 primarily designed for?

  • Capturing multispectral imagery (correct)
  • Monitoring vegetation health
  • Detecting atmospheric conditions
  • Measuring thermal energy

Which pair of Landsat bands corresponds to the longest wavelength?

  • Band 3 and Band 4
  • Band 10 and Band 11 (correct)
  • Band 1 and Band 11
  • Band 5 and Band 7

How many thermal bands does the Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) on Landsat-8 have?

  • 3
  • 1
  • 2 (correct)
  • 4

What is the resolution of the coastal band (Band 1) from the Operational Land Imager on Landsat-8?

<p>30 meters (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant change occurred in the thermal infrared band from Landsat 7 to Landsat 8?

<p>It was split into two separate bands (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the spatial resolution of LandSat-7 after resampling?

<p>30 m (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In LandSat-8, what happens to the spectral resolution compared to spatial resolution?

<p>Spectral resolution increases while spatial resolution decreases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which band combination is used to analyze vegetation in Landsat 8?

<p>654 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What generally affects the reflectance of clear water compared to turbid water?

<p>Water depth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does soil reflectance change with increasing soil moisture?

<p>Decreases at all wavelengths (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a false color composite using bands 4, 3, and 2, which color represents densely populated urban areas?

<p>Cyan blue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does vegetation reflectance generally respond in the Near IR and Mid-IR regions?

<p>Reflectance increases with chlorophyll content (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which band combination provides the best results for distinguishing between shallow water and soil?

<p>7, 5, 3 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What coloration indicates healthy vegetation in the natural color band combination?

<p>Bright green (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do concrete and asphalt behave spectrally as they age?

<p>Concrete darkens while asphalt lightens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about snow reflectance is correct?

<p>Old snow may become less reflective due to moisture content (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 3, 2, 1 band combination is primarily beneficial for which type of studies?

<p>Urban studies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the false color composite, what do lighter red hues signify?

<p>Sparse vegetation areas (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of soil does barren land typically appear as in the TM band combination?

<p>Pink (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which band combination allows for the most water penetration?

<p>4, 3, 2 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which element appears in various shades when using the TM band combination?

<p>Soils (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What colors do healthy vegetation appear in during the growing season?

<p>Bright green (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which combination is recommended for monitoring forest fires?

<p>7, 4, 2 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What color represents water in imagery, according to the given content?

<p>Black or dark blue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which combination is best for agricultural studies?

<p>5, 4, 1 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the 5, 4, 3 combination, how do soils appear?

<p>Mauve (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What color indicates flooded areas when using the 3, 2, 1 combination?

<p>Gray (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which combination provides the best atmospheric penetration?

<p>5, 4, 1 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What color do hot surfaces, such as forest fires, appear in the Mid-IR bands?

<p>Red or yellow (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What color indicates urban areas in the specified band combination?

<p>Magenta (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which color represents healthy vegetation in the described imaging system?

<p>Reds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a characteristic of the 4,5,3 band combination?

<p>It enables efficient interpretation of cultural features. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does soil moisture have on its appearance in the described imaging system?

<p>Wetter soil appears darker. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the 7,4,2 band combination, what color is used to indicate recently clearcut areas?

<p>Bright blue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant benefit of using the Mid-IR band in vegetation studies?

<p>It increases sensitivity in detecting plant stress. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which color indicates areas of soil in the imaging systems described?

<p>Brown (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which effect do infrared bands have on sediment-laden water?

<p>They cause it to appear darker. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Operational Land Imager (OLI)

A type of sensor on Landsat 8 that captures nine spectral bands, including coastal, blue, green, red, near-infrared (NIR), shortwave infrared 1 (SWIR-1) and SWIR-2, and cirrus bands.

Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS)

A type of sensor on Landsat 8 focused on capturing thermal energy emitted from the Earth's surface. It has two bands (10 and 11) for detecting thermal infrared radiation.

Visible Bands

This type of band is sensitive to electromagnetic radiation in the visible spectrum, from blue to green to red.

Near-Infrared (NIR) Bands

These bands are sensitive to electromagnetic radiation just beyond the visible spectrum, invisible to the human eye, and used to detect vegetation, water, and other features.

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Shortwave Infrared (SWIR) Bands

These bands are sensitive to electromagnetic radiation with longer wavelengths than NIR, used to detect various features including water, soil moisture, and mineral composition.

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Spectral Resolution

The ability of a sensor to differentiate between different wavelengths of light.

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Spatial Resolution

The ability of a sensor to distinguish between two objects that are close together.

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Band Combination

A combination of different wavelengths of light that are used to create a false-color image.

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False Color (urban)

A common band combination used in Landsat 8 for identifying urban areas.

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Color Infrared (vegetation)

A common band combination used in Landsat 8 for identifying vegetation health.

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Reflectance

The amount of light that is reflected from a surface.

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Spectral Signature

The range of wavelengths of light that are absorbed or reflected by a material.

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Atmospheric Penetration

The process of removing atmospheric effects from satellite images.

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Landsat 4, 3, 2 Band Combination

A common band combination for remote sensing imagery, particularly useful for vegetation studies, monitoring drainage, and soil patterns. This combination highlights vegetation in shades of red, urban areas in cyan blue, and soils in various browns.

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Landsat 3, 2, 1 Band Combination

A band combination that simulates natural color vision, showing vegetation as green, cleared fields in light tones, unhealthy vegetation as brown/yellow, roads as gray, and shorelines as white.

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Landsat 5, 4, 1 Band Combination

A band combination used for geological, agricultural, and wetland studies. It produces a natural-like rendition while penetrating atmospheric particles. Healthy vegetation appears vibrant green, grasslands green, barren soil pink, and sparsely vegetated areas orange and brown.

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What is the TM band combination 7, 5, 3 ideal for?

A combination of Landsat 5/7 TM bands (7, 5, 3) used for general visualization of terrain and vegetation. Hot surfaces like fires appear red or yellow, water is dark, and vegetation is green.

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What is the TM band combination 5, 4, 3 ideal for?

The TM band combination 7, 5, 3 shows strong contrast between healthy vegetation (bright green) and soil (mauve). It is useful for studying vegetation health, timber management, and pest infestations.

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What is the TM band combination 5, 4, 1 ideal for?

A combination of Landsat 5/7 TM bands (5, 4, 1) useful for agriculture, as it highlights vegetation in bright green. It is similar to the (7, 4, 2) combination but better suited for agricultural applications.

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What is the TM band combination 7, 5, 4 ideal for?

A band combination of Landsat 5/7 TM bands (7, 5, 4) that offers good atmospheric penetration, highlighting coastlines, and showing vegetation in blue.

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What is the TM band combination 5, 3, 1 ideal for?

The TM band combination (5, 3, 1) highlights topographic textures and contrasts between different rock types when compared with the 7, 3, 1 combination.

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4, 5, 3 Band Combination

A color combination used in remote sensing imagery that highlights vegetation and water features, focusing on differences in moisture content and health.

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4, 5, 1 Band Combination

This color combination emphasizes the distinction between land and water boundaries, revealing details often missed in bands focused on visible light alone. It also highlights subtle distinctions within landscapes.

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7, 4, 2 Band Combination

In this band combination, healthy vegetation appears in various shades of red, brown, orange, and yellow. This combination is especially useful for analyzing burned areas, urban features, and grasslands, but not well-suited for cultural features like roads and runways.

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Mid-IR Band's Importance

Mid-infrared (Mid-IR) bands help determine plant growth and stress, making it effective for vegetation studies. However, precipitation can influence the results, requiring cautious interpretation.

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Natural-Like Rendition

This combination provides an image that looks 'natural' to the human eye. It is helpful for penetration of atmospheric particles like smoke and haze, making it excellent for analyzing areas affected by these conditions.

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Infrared Bands for Water Detection

Band combinations that include near-infrared (NIR) and mid-infrared (Mid-IR) bands are more effective in distinguishing water bodies, revealing inland lakes and streams with higher precision.

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4, 5, 3 for Moisture Analysis

The variation in shades of brown, green, and orange in a 4, 5, 3 band combination is a good indicator of differences in moisture content. Wet areas appear darker due to water's absorption of infrared radiation.

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4, 5, 3 for Vegetation Analysis

The 4, 5, 3 combination helps identify vegetation types based on the specific hue (color) and tone (brightness) it appears. It reveals variations in moisture conditions and helps analyze soil and vegetation health.

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Study Notes

Landsat Bands

  • Landsat sensors capture data across different spectral ranges, providing various types of information
  • Panchromatic sensors use a single channel, sensitive to a broad range of wavelengths
  • Multispectral sensors use multiple channels (2–15) at discrete wavelengths across the optical spectrum
  • Hyperspectral sensors use hundreds of channels, providing a near continuous spectral reading

Landsat 8 Sensors

  • Operational Land Imager (OLI): Nine spectral bands covering coastal, blue, green, red, near-infrared (NIR), shortwave infrared 1 (SWIR-1), shortwave infrared 2 (SWIR-2), and cirrus. Provides high-resolution images (in some cases, 100m).
  • Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS): Two thermal bands (bands 10 and 11) measuring Earth's thermal energy in the long-wavelength infrared spectrum. Also 100-meter resolution.

Comparison of Landsat Sensors

  • Different Landsat sensors (MSS, TM, ETM+, OLI) have different spectral ranges and resolutions. This affects their ability to transmit certain wavelengths through the atmosphere.
  • The chart on page 4 shows the atmospheric transmission differences between various Landsat sensors.

Band Combinations for Landsat 8

  • Various band combinations exist to visualize different aspects of the Earth's surface.
  • Different band combinations can highlight specific features such as natural color, color infrared (to highlight vegetation), false color (to show urban areas), or shortwave infrared.
  • Band combinations are useful for a variety of analyses like vegetation analysis, agriculture, and geological studies.
  • Example combinations include (4,3,2) for natural color, and (7,6,4) as a false-color combination (for urban areas).

Reflectance Response

  • Water bodies generally reflect high in the visible spectrum, but darker in NIR and Mid-IR, dependent upon depth and dissolved minerals, and wavelength
  • Soils' reflectance decreases with increased organic matter; particle size affects reflectance
  • Vegetation's spectral reflectance relies on chlorophyll and water absorption within the leaf; different leaf types show different spectral responses
  • Man-made materials (concrete, asphalt) show generally increasing reflectance from visible to mid-infrared (and increase in darkness with old age)
  • Snow and ice are highly reflective in visible part of spectrum but reflectance decreases in the NIR region with increased moisture content.

Potential Information Content for various Landsat sensors combinations including TM, ETM+

  • Different band combinations for Landsat sensors reveal varying information.
  • Combining certain bands highlights vegetation, clouds, urban areas, or geologic information.
  • Examples of useful combinations, including (e.g., 4, 3, 2 for natural color, 7, 6, 4 for false color to highlight urban and 7, 5, 3 combination is useful for finding features such as rivers.)

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Landsat Bands - PDF

Description

Explore the various Landsat sensors and their capabilities in capturing spectral data. This quiz covers the differences between panchromatic, multispectral, and hyperspectral sensors, as well as details on Landsat 8's Operational Land Imager and Thermal Infrared Sensor. Test your understanding of how these technologies provide critical information about the Earth's features.

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