Land Transportation: Elements and Modes

Modes of Transportation

• Land transportation plays a vital role in tourism, impacting accessibility, convenience, and overall traveler experience.
• There are various land transportation modes depending on location.

Elements of Land Transportation

• Vehicles are machines transporting passengers/cargo, including automobiles, motorcycles, buses, trains, and tractors.
• Infrastructure refers to physical structures supporting land transport like roads, railways, ports, and terminals.
• Traffic control systems regulate and manage traffic flow, ensuring safety/efficiency with signals, signs, and police.
• Drivers and operators control the vehicles, including private, commercial, and train operators.
• Regulations and laws ensure safe and efficient operation, covering traffic laws, licensing, and safety standards.
• Fuel and power are the energy sources powering vehicles like gasoline, diesel, electricity, and biofuels.
• Cargo and passengers encompass the items/people being transported.
• Maintenance and support ensures vehicles/infrastructure are operational through repair stations, logistics, and scheduling.

Land-Based: Road and Rail

• Common land-based transport for travelers includes motorcoaches, shuttle buses, mini-buses/mini-coaches, private cars, and trains
• Car rentals are similar to buses/coaches but involve hiring cars for shorter periods, with fees varying by distance/duration
• Car Hire Agencies provide automobiles for rent for a short period.
• The Trans-Siberian Railway is the world's longest direct rail route, connecting Moscow with the Russian Far East, running for 9,259 km.
• Tourist buses are specifically designed to transport tourists to attractions, and sightseeing locations as part of tours
• Tourist buses enhance comfort with large windows, A/C, comfortable seating, and sometimes Wi-Fi or onboard guides.
• Tourist buses are an important part of the tourism structure, offering an efficient, comfortable, and environmentally-friendly way for tourists to explore new places and enjoy their travel experiences

Land Transportation Challenges in the Philippines

• Traffic congestion is a significant issue, especially in Metro Manila, due to increasing population, inadequate infrastructure, and many vehicles.
• Public transport challenges include overcrowded, unreliable modes like buses, jeepneys, and the MRT/LRT with aging jeepneys.
• Insufficient infrastructure exists, as the road network in many areas, is inadequate for the number of vehicles.
• Poor road safety is caused by poor conditions, inadequate enforcement, and reckless driving.
• High fuel costs in the Philippines are due to the dependence on imported fossil fuels, impacting transportation costs.
• Environmental pollution comes from inefficient vehicles, especially jeepneys/buses, contributing to air quality degradation.
• Overcrowding occurs in public transport due to insufficient vehicles, especially during rush hours.
• Inadequate parking spaces lead to illegal parking and congestion.
• Traffic enforcement issues stem from weak enforcement due to corruption, lack of resources, and inconsistent penalties.
• Limited regional connectivity causes rural areas to often suffer from limited access to transport or well-maintained roads.

Water Transportation

• Supports economic stabilization and trading standards improvement
• Water transport serves as a means for trade/goods delivery within and across countries.
• Aids in road congestion reduction
• Water Transport has the largest carrying capacity.
• It is adaptable and customizable.
• Water transport has been long been a source of foreign exchange between countries' ports.

Water Transportation Companies in the Philippines

• 2Go Travel is among the largest providers, linking major islands.
• 2Go Travel El-Greco operates between Manila and Bataan.
• Montenegro operates routes from Batangas and Lucena and Surigao and Dumaguete.
• Oceanjet sails form Bacolod, Cebu, Dumaguete, Iloilo, Ormoc, Siquijor and Tagbilaran.
• Supercat 2Go is part of 2Go ferry services and sails from destinations like Batangas, Bacolod, and Cebu.
• Super Shuttle Roro is owned by Asian Marine Transport Corporation and services a wide ports and islands (main port in Cebu)
• Trans-Asian Shipping Lines operates primarily around Visayas and Mindanao.

Prefixes for Ship Names

• CV means Container Vessel
• DS used for Diesel Vessel
• MF indicates Motor Ferry
• MS means Motor Ship
• MTS indicates Motor Turbine Ship
• MV means Motor Vessel
• MSY means Motor Sailing Yacht
• SB means Steamboat
• ST means Steam Tug
• SS means Steamship
• SV means Sailing Vessel
• TS means turbine Ship
• TSS means Turbine Steam Ship
• TV means Turbine Vessel

The Cruise Industry

• Cruise Lines International Association (CLIA) is the world's largest cruise industry trade organization
• Cruising sustained 1,177,000, equaling USD 50.24 billion in wages and salaries and $150 billion total output worldwide in 2018.

Who Cruises?

• Families cruise to reduce stress and save time compared to a commonly arranged trip.
• Culture seekers cruise to spend time in ports and visit historic places

Cruise Passengers types

• Adventurers prefer exotic itineraries and smaller ships
• Romantics include honeymooners and anniversary couples
• The Upscale want ports that are still relatively unknown with fine cuisine
• Millennials love traveling in luxury and are drawn to premium market destinations

Why People Cruise

• Cruise ships provide a source of new learning
• Cruises provide a friendly experience and are safe
• A cruise provides its clients with a hassle-free holiday
• Cruises allows tourists to visit remarkable destinations
• A Cruise can be for everybody as well as a good avenue to get away from the daily routine
• Cruises provide a romantic experince

Air Transportation and the Economy

• Air transport achieves economic growth/development by facilitating global integration and providing connectivity on national, regional, and international scales.
• It generates trade, promotes tourism, and creates employment.
• The World Bank has financed aviation-related projects for over sixty years.

Air Freight Market: Types of Operations

• Passenger Airlines offer freight capacity in the bellyhold of their all-passenger aircraft and freight service is a secondary income source where 50% of the air cargo is carried.
• Combination Airlines have freighters and passenger aircraft able to carry freight in their bellyhold in long-haul services.
• Dedicated Cargo Operators maintain cargo-only aircraft and offer regularly scheduled services or charter operations.
• Air Freight Integrators operate ground/air freight services, providing nearly seamless door-to-door deliveries.
• Specialized Operators (e.g. Volga-Dnepr Airlines) fulfill niche services cater to specific cargo requirements for heavy loads.

Advantages of Airline Membership

• Code Sharing allows alliance members to sell seats on flights so that a single airline seems to offer seamless service, expanding the network.
• Optimization of Connections occur when alliance members coordinate schedules at key hubs to ease connections between networks accelerate using adjacent gates.
• Geographical Specialization means an airline in an alliance can tap global markets focusing on their home market.
• Joint Marketing provides alliance members reciprocity in frequent flyer programs and other efforts where travelers can earn and redeem miles.

Low-Cost Carriers

• Fleet Simplicity: LCCs emphasize short-haul routes by using a minimal number of aircraft which lowers operating costs
• High Seating Density: Budget airlines pack more seats in economy class.
• Fast Turnaround Times provide networks to keep planes in the air more by minimal in-flight service or catering.
• Rapid Growth enables the LCCs to keep fleet age and employee service keeping operations costs low.
• Emphasis on Secondary Airports means lower fees also challenge established carriers in major airports.
• Reduced Importance of Hubs leads to less importance for carriers.
• Aggressive Digitalization gives industry leaders the opportunity to use automated kiosks and smartphones to enhance travel process
• Avoidance of Global Alliances occurs because of obligations that can increase costs.

Challenges for the Aviation Industry

• Fuel and Cost Efficiency is when jet fuel prices directly influence firms financial portfolio.
• In 2021, fuel expenditure increased by almost 30% due ease of travel restriction and has the potential to increase still due to the Russia-Ukraine conflict.
• The Aftermath of COVID-19 erased 20 years of gains in passenger traffic
• Russia-Ukraine Conflict has created challenges in terms of sanctions and no-fly zones with the potential for opportunity to find alternative sources of fuel/destination markets as the conflict.
• Sector-wide Unemployment is still expected to increase.

Tourist Behavior and Transportation Preferences

• Tourist behavior encompasses actions, patterns, and attitudes exhibited by individuals/groups when visiting destinations for leisure/business which varies based on culture, preferences, motivations, and destination types.
• Tourist behavior factors include motivation, decision-making, destination choice, consumption patterns, cultural influences, social and environmental impact, and seasonality.
• Tourist preferences are specific choices/desires guiding one's decision-making for travel destinations, activities, accommodations, transportation and other aspects.
• Tourist behavior strongly influences one's decisions in travel with destination choice, accommodation, transportation, activities, and spending patterns.
• Needs are basic requirements for survival/well-being and wants are specifications of these needs
• Demands are wants backed by buying power.
• By decision-making, tourists need to budget travel costs.

Tourist Travel Options

• An executive traveler buys a business class seat in a business travel company to attend a meeting.
• Destination Type impacts preferences (rural vs. urban, transportation infrastructure).
• Peak seasons, travel trends, and wellbeing like health and hygiene also determine travel options.
• The contemporary age transportation for tourists is influenced by different factors like technology.
• Tourists are mindful of cost, convenience, digital components, and contemporary preferences.
• Tourists transportation preferences are affected by their interests.
• The budget affects tourists options.
• Travel routes, transfers, convenience, and easy access determine travel options.
• Eco-friendly and green travel influence transportation preference.
• Safety perception, and previous records, influence trust
• Perception of local culture, and local social media

Tourism And Marketing Objectives

• Destination marketing objectives include purpose of time sensitivity.
• Digital platforms, real time booking, and on offer affects tourists
• Companies solo travel and group age affect tourists.

Demand Forecasting in the Transportation Industry

• Optimizes resource allocation, pricing strategies, and customer satisfaction, involving predicting future demand for flights, trains, buses, and car rentals based on influencing pattern variables
• Seasonality is when demand often fluctuates, requiring businesses to anticipate peak periods.
• Price Sensitivity is when customers in the tourism sector are often changing demand.
• Tourist Demographics mean different types of tourists affect demand differently.
• Competitor Actions impact price changes, route offerings, and service quality.

Components of Forecasting

• Historical Data includes past travel data, such as passenger numbers, booking patterns, travel dates, and service usage.
• Market Trends factor changes like new attractions and impact demand.
• External Factors include events, weather, political instability, and global crises that affect patterns.

Demand Forecasting Models

• Time Series models analyze historical data points in a series of time intervals showing trends, seasonality, and cyclical patterns.
• ARIMA (Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average) combines autoregressive and moving average models.
• Seasonal ARIMA (SARIMA) incorporates seasonal variations.
• The trend is the overall long-term direction of the series such as accessible airports.
• Season is a repeated behavior in the data which happens at regular intervals (e.g., peak and low season).
• Cycle factors impact up-and-down not seasonal patterns varying in length.
• Regression Analysis models relationship between dependent and independent variables or factors.
• Linear Regression can be used with numbers of passengers may be influenced by ticket prices or marketing spend.
• Multiple Regression involves using multiple independent variables to predict the relationship weather, holidays, economic conditions, and competitor prices.
• Machine Learning algorithms can handle large, complex datasets as well as different relationships
• Decision Trees are used to predict demand by splitting the data into nodes based on specific features or price ranges.
• Airlines want to predict how many people will fly to plan things like planes, tickets and staff.
• A common model to use is the ARIMA.

Challenges of Demand Forecasting

• Tourism demand is subject to unpredictable events and pandemics as well, requiring accurate up-to-date data, changing travel behavior, and social media shift.
• Customer Experience factors manage crowding and improve customer service.
• Route Planning assists in determining which routes should have more frequent service or special promotions to attract tourists.

Demand and Pricing

• Capacity Management helps transportation providers adjust fleet sizes, schedules, and staffing levels to meet expected demand without overcapacity optimizing profit.
• Pricing Strategy relies on dynamic pricing adjusting based on forecasts.

Logistics Coordination

• Logistics coordination in tourism transportation involves efficiently planning/managing transportation services for smooth travel experiences.
• Logistics Coordination Models manage optimizes movement with variance based on complexity and tourism operations. -Hub-and-Spoke model relies on routes that pass through a central hub before reaching individual destinations. -Suitable for centralized attraction locations.
• Simplifies route planning and increases costs.
• Congestion and delays; limited flexibility for direct routes.
• Point-to-Point model used is suitable when tourists direct transport between specific destinations .
• Faster and more convenient for tourists.
• Less efficient to manage in high volumes.
• The demand responds to a flexible model where transportation services are adjusted based on demand. -Demand includes ride sharing, on-demand shuttle services and customizable itineraries. Multimodal Transportation relies on common tourism in diverse geo locations for various transport situations.

Collaboration Logisitics Model

• Collaborative Logistics are suitable in regions with multiple small-scale operators.
• Cost-sharing reduces operational expenses while promoting local economic development
• Selecting the Right Model ensures improved experiences and is key by managing transport based on tourist demographics.
• Linear and Circuit model means transportation travels along destinations in the sequence of use.
• Green Logistics are essential to sustainability practices in electricity.

Key Stakeholders In Effective Logistics Coordination

• Collaborating Effectively is imperative to provide seem-less sustainable transportation models to increase revenue such transport and government sectors.

Explore land transportation's vital role in tourism, influencing accessibility and traveler experiences. Discover its elements: vehicles, infrastructure, traffic control, drivers, regulations, fuel, and cargo.