Land Revenue System During British Rule
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Land Revenue System During British Rule

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Questions and Answers

What percentage of the annual revenue were Zamindars required to pay to the government under the Zamindari system?

  • 91%
  • 89% (correct)
  • 79%
  • 100%

    • What was one of the primary issues faced by cultivators under the Zamindari system?

  • They were secure in their land rights
  • Rents were very high (correct)
  • They owned land outright
  • Rents were too low

    • Which system was introduced by Cornwallis through the Permanent Settlement Act in 1793?

  • Ryotwari System
  • Mahalwari System
  • Land Revenue System
  • Zamindari System (correct)

    • What was a significant drawback of the Zamindari system for the Zamindars themselves?

    <p>The fixed revenue was too high</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did the Zamindars play in the Zamindari system?

    <p>Collected land revenue from farmers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would happen to a Zamindar who failed to pay the fixed revenue?

    <p>They would lose their zamindari</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one characteristic of the land rights of Zamindars under the Zamindari system?

    <p>Permanent ownership</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did cultivators typically manage the payment of high rents under the Zamindari system?

    <p>They took loans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary objective behind enacting tenancy reforms after the Zamindari Abolition Acts?

    <p>To regulate rent and provide security of tenure to tenants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of gross produce was set as fair rent for cultivators in most states?

    <p>20% to 25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which states were exceptions to the general fair rent guidelines established in the early 1950s?

    <p>Punjab, Haryana, Jammu and Kashmir, Tamil Nadu, and parts of Andhra Pradesh</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Land Ceiling Acts aim to prevent?

    <p>Concentration of land in the hands of a few.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the maximum size of land a landlord could retain as recommended by the Kumarappan Committee?

    <p>Three economic holdings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    By what year had all state governments passed the land ceiling acts?

    <p>1961-62</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what year were national guidelines issued for land ceiling limits?

    <p>1971</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the ceiling limits for the best land as per the guidelines devised in 1971?

    <p>10-18 acres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which states successfully accomplished the task of land consolidation despite needing re-consolidation later?

    <p>Punjab, Haryana, and Western Uttar Pradesh</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the average holding size in hectares in 2015-16?

    <p>1.08 Ha</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary concern regarding land policy interventions in recent years?

    <p>Marginalization of land holdings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the standard unit of measuring land commonly used across India?

    <p>Square meter and hectare</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the traditional unit of land measurement in Gujarat?

    <p>Vigha</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What information is typically included in a 7/12 or ROR document?

    <p>Encumbrances created on the land, if any</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NA Land?

    <p>Land converted for residential or commercial use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of land reform implementation has diminished as a priority?

    <p>Land policy interventions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a land survey number?

    <p>To uniquely identify a piece of land</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does F.S.I stand for in real estate terminology?

    <p>Floor Space Index</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How has land fragmentation affected average holding sizes over generations?

    <p>Decreased average holding size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Jantri in real estate?

    <p>To establish the minimum price for land valuation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes BU Permission?

    <p>Occupational approval after construction completion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the T.P. Scheme?

    <p>To reorganize and develop land in urban areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Revenue Survey Number indicate?

    <p>A unique identification number for a piece of land</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a typical element found in a 7/12 or ROR?

    <p>Prior ownership history of the land</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be verified to avoid legal disputes when purchasing land?

    <p>The land has a clear and marketable title</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which state allows anyone except NRIs to purchase agricultural land?

    <p>Kerala</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Maharashtra, who is allowed to purchase agricultural land?

    <p>Only farmers or their descendants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum amount of agricultural land a family can purchase in Kerala?

    <p>20 acres for families over five persons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What document is required for a loan application when buying agricultural land?

    <p>7/12 and 8A Utara certificates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in the agricultural land purchase process?

    <p>Check land records</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who can invest in agricultural land in Gujarat?

    <p>Only Gujarat farmers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required for land conversion during agricultural land purchase?

    <p>Local government approval</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Land Revenue System During British Rule

    • Before independence, three primary land revenue systems were in place during British rule: Zamindari, Mahalwari, and Ryotwari.
    • The main distinction between these systems was the method of land revenue payment.

    The Zamindari System

    • Introduced in 1793 by Cornwallis through the Permanent Settlement Act.
    • Under this system, Zamindars, intermediaries, collected land revenue from farmers.
    • Zamindars were obligated to pay 89% of annual revenue to the government, retaining 11% as their share.
    • The tax was levied even during periods of poor yield.
    • Zamindars were recognized as permanent land owners.
    • Zamindars enjoyed autonomy in the internal affairs of their respective districts.

    Issues With The Zamindari System

    • For Cultivators: The system was seen as oppressive and exploitative, with high rents and insecure land tenure. Cultivators frequently relied on loans to pay rents, facing eviction when unable to do so.
    • For Zamindars: The fixed revenue was often too high, leading to financial difficulties and potential loss of zamindari for non-payment. Zamindars showed little interest in improving the land.

    Tenancy Reforms

    • Post-independence, tenancy regulation became a priority following the abolition of the Zamindari system.
    • Pre-independence tenancy rents were exorbitant, ranging from 35% to 75% of gross produce.
    • Introduced to regulate rents, provide security of tenure, and confer ownership to tenants.
    • Legislation in the early 1950s fixed fair rents at 20%-25% of gross produce in most states, with exceptions for Punjab, Haryana, Jammu and Kashmir, Tamil Nadu, and parts of Andhra Pradesh.
    • Attempts were made to either eliminate tenancy altogether or regulate rents to secure tenant rights.
    • In West Bengal and Kerala, significant agrarian restructuring granted tenants land ownership rights.
    • Implementation of these reforms was often ineffective in many states.

    ### Land Reforms in Post-Independence

    • The imposition of land ceilings was designed to prevent land concentration in the hands of a few.
    • The Kumarappan Committee recommended a maximum landholding size of three times the economic holding, sufficient for a family's livelihood.
    • By 1961-62, all states implemented land ceiling acts, but with varying limits.
    • A standardized land ceiling policy was introduced in 1971, followed by national guidelines in 1972.
    • The ceiling limits differed based on factors like land quality and region, ranging from 10-18 acres for best land to 27-54 acres for less fertile land, with higher limits in hill and desert areas.

    ### Result of Land Ceiling Measures

    • Consolidation of holdings was not universally successful, being relatively successful in Punjab, Haryana, and western Uttar Pradesh.
    • However, re-consolidation was required in these regions due to continued fragmentation caused by population growth.
    • The average holding size decreased from 2.28 hectares in 1970-71 to 1.08 hectares in 2015-16, illustrating the impact of continuous land subdivisions across generations.

    Land Reforms in Post-Independence: Current scenario

    • The current government's focus is primarily on land record correction, computerization, improving land survey processes, and enhancing land quality through wasteland and forest reclamation.
    • Land reform implementation is declining in priority.
    • Discussions now center around whether some land reform interventions should be reversed, particularly regarding land ceiling increases and tenancy restrictions.
    • Marginalized land holdings and land administration remain key concerns.

    Standard Unit of Measuring Land in India

    • Square meter and hectare are the standardized units of measurement employed across India for property transactions.
    • These units are internationally recognized and included in property documents, ensuring consistency and avoiding confusion.

    Traditional Land Measurement in Gujarat

    • The traditional unit in Gujarat is the Vigha.
    • Vigha sizes vary regionally.
    • In South Gujarat, one Vigha equals 17,424 square feet (1618.7 Sqmt or 16 Gutha), while in North Gujarat (including Ahmedabad), it is 2378 Sqmt (24 Gutha).

    Land Details - Land Survey Number

    • Each piece of land in a village is assigned a unique Land Survey Number or ID.

    ### Land Details: 7/12 or ROR (Record of Rights)

    • Typically, a 7/12 or ROR contains information about the land, including:
      • Location
      • Total area
      • Ownership details
      • Nature and scope of individual rights and liabilities
      • Encumbrances (if any)
      • Land classification (fragment or otherwise)
      • Any other classifications or reservations
      • Agricultural activity details (if applicable), including Rabi and Kharif crops
      • Details of attachments or decrees issued by civil courts or revenue authorities
      • Land income
    • NA Land (Non-Agricultural Land): Land converted from agricultural use to non-agricultural use, suitable for residential or commercial development.
    • 7/12 Extract (Satbar Utara): A crucial document in Gujarat providing information on land ownership, area, cultivation type, and other details.
    • N.A. Permission: Permission from the Collector's office to convert agricultural land into non-agricultural land.
    • Jantri: The government-prescribed minimum price or guideline value of land, used for stamp duty calculations.
    • Revenue Survey Number: A unique number assigned to a piece of land for identification in revenue records.

    Real Estate Terminologies: Development Terms

    • BU Permission (Building Use Permission): Approval from the local authority permitting occupation of a building after construction, ensuring compliance with approved plans and regulations.
    • F.S.I (Floor Space Index): The ratio between a building's total floor area and the land plot area, dictating the buildable area on a specific plot.
    • T.P. Scheme (Town Planning Scheme): A scheme under the Gujarat Town Planning and Urban Development Act involving land reorganization and development in urban areas.
    • GDCR (General Development Control Regulations): Regulations governing land development and building construction in Gujarat.

    Land Purchase Considerations

    • Land purchase is often a crucial step in building a house.
    • Due diligence in verifying clear and marketable land title is essential to avoid legal disputes.
    • When acquiring agricultural land, it is important to ensure there are no disputes and that the registration process is straightforward.
    • Land purchasing procedures vary across states, requiring familiarity with local rules.

    State-Wise Land Laws

    • Kerala:
      • Anyone except Non-Resident Indians can purchase agricultural land.
      • The ceiling limit varies based on family size: 7.5 acres for single adults or only survivors, 15 acres for two to five persons, and 20 acres for families with more than five members.
    • Maharashtra:
      • Only farmers can purchase agricultural land.
      • Individuals with a farmer parent or grandparent are also deemed eligible as farmers.
      • Individuals can purchase land within the state in addition to any other agricultural land they own in India.
      • The maximum purchase limit is 54 acres of agricultural land.
    • Gujarat:
      • Only agriculturalists can buy such land.
      • Only Gujarat farmers can invest in agricultural land in Gujarat.
      • A family unit can purchase a maximum of 54 acres of Class K land (dry and non-irrigated land).

    Agriculture Land Purchase Steps

    • Check Land Records: Review 7/12 and 8A Utara documents for ownership proof, tenure type, past disputes, litigation, court orders, assessment details, and financial dues. These documents are also required for loan applications.
    • Land Use & Zoning: Verify the land's permitted uses and zoning regulations.
    • On-Site Survey: Conduct a site survey to assess the land's size, shape, accessibility, and any existing structures.
    • Preparation of Legal Documents: Prepare the necessary legal documentation for the purchase, including agreements and sale deeds.
    • Receive Necessary Approvals: Obtain approvals from relevant authorities, such as the Collector's office, for any land conversions or development activities.
    • Land Conversion if Required: If converting land from agricultural to non-agricultural use, obtain necessary approvals and comply with regulations.

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    LJ University - Unit 2 Land and Revenue PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores the three main land revenue systems during British rule in India: Zamindari, Mahalwari, and Ryotwari. It examines the characteristics, operations, and impacts of the Zamindari system, particularly its effects on cultivators. Test your understanding of the historical context and significance of these systems.

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