Land Reforms in Philippine History

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of the ARCCESS project?

To promote urban development

To increase agricultural exports

To contribute to rural poverty reduction (correct)

To eliminate all farm debts

What task was established by the Department of Agrarian Reform under Duterte's administration to combat corruption?

An anti-corruption task force (correct)

A committee for enhancing farmer training

A financial oversight board

A land reclamation project

What is a significant action taken by President Duterte concerning land reform?

Focusing solely on urban land development projects

Launching the 2nd phase of agrarian reform for landless farmers (correct)

Distributing government-owned lands to wealthy investors

Ending all agrarian reform initiatives

During President Duterte's administration, which sector is prioritized to support poor farmers?

Support services alongside land distribution Signup and view all the answers

What initiative does the DAR pursue to expedite agrarian justice delivery?

Oplan Zero Backlog Signup and view all the answers

What was a primary responsibility of the encomienderos under the encomienda system?

To defend their encomienda from external attack Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the outcomes of General Emilio Aguinaldo's intentions regarding land reform?

The plan was never realized due to the short-lived First Philippine Republic Signup and view all the answers

Which legislative act set limits on the hectarage of private individuals during the American Period?

Philippine Bill of 1902 Signup and view all the answers

What was the sharing arrangement mandated by the Tenancy Act of 1933 for rice lands?

50-50 sharing Signup and view all the answers

What key principle was emphasized in the 1935 Constitution in relation to agrarian reform?

The State should promote social justice for all people Signup and view all the answers

What was one significant criticism of the Torrens system of land registration introduced by the Americans?

Cost prohibitions prevented many from securing titles Signup and view all the answers

What did the encomienda system transform the natives into, as a result of the abuses by encomienderos?

Mere share tenants Signup and view all the answers

What amendment did Commonwealth Act No. 178 introduce to the Rice Tenancy Act?

Controls in landlord-tenant relationships Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary commitment of Ramos' administration regarding the Agrarian Reform Program?

Fairer, faster and more meaningful implementation Signup and view all the answers

What did Executive Order No. 151, enacted during Estrada's presidency, primarily allow?

Voluntary consolidation of small farms Signup and view all the answers

What vision guided the agrarian reform program under Arroyo's administration?

Make the countryside economically viable and promote social equity Signup and view all the answers

What significant action did President Benigno Aquino III take regarding Hacienda Luisita?

Distributed it to land reform beneficiaries Signup and view all the answers

Which service was NOT part of the support services included in the agrarian reform program under Arroyo?

Government subsidies for all farmers Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary focus of the project 'Magkabalikat Para sa Kaunlarang Agraryo' initiated by Estrada?

Creating joint ventures with private investors Signup and view all the answers

During which administration was the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP) vowed to be completed?

Aquino III Signup and view all the answers

What was a key condition set by Executive Order No. 363 in 1997 regarding land conversion?

Limited certain agricultural lands from being converted Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary purpose of the National Rice and Corn Corporation (NARIC) established in 1936?

To regulate the price of rice and corn to assist poor tenants and consumers Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following legislation specified the reasons for tenant dismissal during the agrarian reform?

Commonwealth Act No. 461 Signup and view all the answers

What significant event related to agrarian reform occurred during the Japanese Occupation?

Hukbalahap gained control of Central Luzon and tenants gained land Signup and view all the answers

Which law enacted by Manuel A. Roxas established the 70-30 sharing arrangement in tenancy contracts?

Republic Act No. 34 Signup and view all the answers

What was Elpidio R. Quirino's significant contribution to agrarian reform during his presidency?

Created LASEDECO to manage agricultural settlements Signup and view all the answers

What did the Agricultural Tenancy Act of 1954 provide for tenant farmers?

The establishment of the Court of Agrarian Relations and security of tenure for tenants Signup and view all the answers

How did the end of World War II affect the agrarian situation for peasants related to land?

Peasants saw a reversal of land gains previously achieved Signup and view all the answers

Which legislation provided safeguards against arbitrary eviction of tenants?

Republic Act No. 55 Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary purpose of Republic Act No. 3844 enacted in 1963?

To abolish share tenancy and institutionalize leasehold Signup and view all the answers

During which president's administration was Proclamation No. 1081 issued, declaring the entire country a land reform area?

President Ferdinand E. Marcos Signup and view all the answers

What retention limit was set by Presidential Decree No. 27 for land reform?

7 hectares Signup and view all the answers

Which law provided full ownership to farmer-beneficiaries covered by Presidential Decree 27?

Executive Order No. 228 Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant feature of Republic Act No. 821 regarding loans for farmers?

Loans were available at rates of six to eight percent Signup and view all the answers

Which president's administration was known for the continuation of agrarian reforms initiated by Ramon Magsaysay?

President Diosdado P. Macapagal Signup and view all the answers

What administrative responsibility was vested to the Land Bank of the Philippines by Executive Order No. 405?

To determine land valuation and compensation Signup and view all the answers

What was a major outcome anticipated from the implementation of Republic Act No. 3844?

Emancipation of Filipino farmers from tenancy bondage Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Encomienda System

Encomenderos responsible for defending encomienda, maintaining peace, and supporting missionaries.
Acquired the right to collect tribute from native indios, which led to power abuses.
Tribute system devolved into land rents for a few landlords, reducing natives to share tenants.

First Philippine Republic

Established in 1899, with Emilio Aguinaldo proposing confiscation of large estates, especially Friar lands.
Aguinaldo’s land reform plans were never implemented due to the republic's short duration.

American Period Legislation

Philippine Bill of 1902 set land size limits: 16 hectares for private individuals and 1,024 hectares for corporations.
Land Registration Act of 1902 introduced a comprehensive registration system under the Torrens system.
Tenancy Act of 1933 regulated landowner-tenant relationships with a 50-50 split for rice.
The Torrens system did not completely resolve land ownership issues due to prohibitive costs for surveys.

Commonwealth Period Reforms

President Manuel L. Quezon promoted a "Social Justice" program in response to social unrest.
1935 Constitution emphasized the state’s role in ensuring economic security for all.
Changes in the Rice Tenancy Act regulated landlord-tenant relationships.
NARIC was created to stabilize prices for rice and corn, benefiting poor tenants.

Japanese Occupation

Hukbalahap movement gained control in areas of Central Luzon, redistributing land from landlords collaborating with the Japanese.
Many peasants joined the anti-Japanese struggle, forming a powerful resistance movement.

Post-1946 Philippine Republic Laws

Land tenure problems intensified post-independence, prompting Congress revisions.
Republic Act No. 34 introduced a 70-30 sharing system for tenants.
Republic Act No. 55 protected tenants against arbitrary ejection.

Administration of Elpidio Quirino (1948-1953)

Established the Land Settlement Development Corporation through Executive Order No. 355 for settlement administration.

Ramon Magsaysay's Reforms (1953-1957)

Enacted Republic Act No. 1199 to improve tenant security and relationships.
Introduced Republic Act No. 821 for loans to small farmers, enhancing financial support.

Carlos P. Garcia (1957-1961)

Continued Magsaysay’s agrarian reforms.

Diosdado Macapagal (1961-1965)

Republic Act No. 3844 abolished share tenancy, institutionalized leasehold, and ensured tenant rights.

Ferdinand Marcos Era (1965-1986)

Proclamation No. 1081 initiated Martial Law, converting the entire country into a land reform area.
Presidential Decree No. 27 limited land reform eligibility to tenanted rice and corn lands.

Corazon Aquino's Initiatives

Executive Order No. 228 for full ownership rights for beneficiaries under PD 27.
Executive Order No. 405 assigned land valuation responsibilities to the Land Bank.

Fidel V. Ramos Administration (1992-1998)

Aimed for a fairer implementation of land reform, emphasizing confidence restoration in the program.
Executive Order No. 363 limited land conversion conditions.

Joseph Estrada Presidency (1998-2000)

Launched "ERAP PARA SA MAHIRAP" campaign and initiated the Farmer’s Trust Fund for consolidating small farms.

Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo Administration (2000-2010)

Focused on making the countryside economically viable, providing support services alongside land distribution.

Benigno Aquino III (2010-2016)

Committed to completing CARP and distributed family-owned Hacienda Luisita.
Created ARCCESS project to reduce rural poverty.

Rodrigo Duterte Administration (2016-present)

Pursued an aggressive land reform program with an emphasis on support services for poor farmers.
Launched a second phase of agrarian reform for undelivered lands and established an anti-corruption task force in DAR.

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Description

This quiz explores the historical context and implications of land reforms in the Philippines, focusing on the Encomienda System, the First Philippine Republic, and American Period legislation. Test your knowledge of the key figures and policies that shaped land ownership and tenancy in the Philippines.