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Questions and Answers
What was the initial political process for selecting gobernadorcillos in the early seventeenth century?
What was the initial political process for selecting gobernadorcillos in the early seventeenth century?
What event was organized by candidates to gain support for their political campaigns?
What event was organized by candidates to gain support for their political campaigns?
Why were political rallies not held in cabecera villages?
Why were political rallies not held in cabecera villages?
What significant change was made to the voting system by Governor Corcuera and Governor Cruzat?
What significant change was made to the voting system by Governor Corcuera and Governor Cruzat?
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Who had the final authority in selecting the gobernadorcillos?
Who had the final authority in selecting the gobernadorcillos?
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What was the purpose of the residencia system in relation to gobernadorcillos?
What was the purpose of the residencia system in relation to gobernadorcillos?
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How did Spanish bureaucrats enforce the election process for gobernadorcillos?
How did Spanish bureaucrats enforce the election process for gobernadorcillos?
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What was the perceived effectiveness of the residencia system in small Philippine communities?
What was the perceived effectiveness of the residencia system in small Philippine communities?
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Which officials typically went unpunished for petty peculations?
Which officials typically went unpunished for petty peculations?
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What was the requirement for a gobernadorcillo to be re-elected?
What was the requirement for a gobernadorcillo to be re-elected?
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Which group of officials were known to be largely overlapping in political functions?
Which group of officials were known to be largely overlapping in political functions?
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What was the role of the priest within the local political structure?
What was the role of the priest within the local political structure?
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Which statement about the Filipino magistrates' political authority is true?
Which statement about the Filipino magistrates' political authority is true?
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What was a significant characteristic of the postconquest barangay compared to its preconquest state?
What was a significant characteristic of the postconquest barangay compared to its preconquest state?
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What was a requirement for a baptized person regarding barangay mobility?
What was a requirement for a baptized person regarding barangay mobility?
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What impact did the principalia class have on the political development of the Philippines?
What impact did the principalia class have on the political development of the Philippines?
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What positions were included among those other than the gobernadorcillo?
What positions were included among those other than the gobernadorcillo?
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During Charles III's reign, what was one of the motivations behind the movement for enlightened despotism?
During Charles III's reign, what was one of the motivations behind the movement for enlightened despotism?
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How did the enforcement of law by local magistrates affect their power?
How did the enforcement of law by local magistrates affect their power?
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What was a proposed change regarding tribute collection during the reign of Charles III?
What was a proposed change regarding tribute collection during the reign of Charles III?
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Which of these was a requirement for a person moving from one barangay to another in the past?
Which of these was a requirement for a person moving from one barangay to another in the past?
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What fiscal goal motivated the attempt to reform the tribute collection system?
What fiscal goal motivated the attempt to reform the tribute collection system?
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What was the consequence of having no heirs in the context of the barangay leadership?
What was the consequence of having no heirs in the context of the barangay leadership?
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What was one of the powers enjoyed by barangay heads (cabezas) before the proposed reforms?
What was one of the powers enjoyed by barangay heads (cabezas) before the proposed reforms?
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What was the primary responsibility of alcaldes and their deputies?
What was the primary responsibility of alcaldes and their deputies?
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Which legal framework applied to civil suits among Filipinos for matters not covered by customary law?
Which legal framework applied to civil suits among Filipinos for matters not covered by customary law?
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Which person's codification defined customary law for the entire archipelago in 1599?
Which person's codification defined customary law for the entire archipelago in 1599?
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What was a common practice to resolve disputes that pre-dated the conquest?
What was a common practice to resolve disputes that pre-dated the conquest?
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Why were some restrictions placed on the jurisdiction of the Audiencia regarding Filipino cases?
Why were some restrictions placed on the jurisdiction of the Audiencia regarding Filipino cases?
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What type of civil cases did gobernadorcillos typically try?
What type of civil cases did gobernadorcillos typically try?
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What was the highest court of appeal for cases in the colonies?
What was the highest court of appeal for cases in the colonies?
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What was a significant issue faced by Filipinos under the Spanish colonial legal system?
What was a significant issue faced by Filipinos under the Spanish colonial legal system?
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What was the impact of the royal cedula on Filipino eligibility for public office?
What was the impact of the royal cedula on Filipino eligibility for public office?
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What was a main reason for the lack of Spanish fluency among Filipinos?
What was a main reason for the lack of Spanish fluency among Filipinos?
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How did the American regime encourage English language acquisition among Filipinos?
How did the American regime encourage English language acquisition among Filipinos?
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What characterizes the political and judicial systems introduced by the Spaniards?
What characterizes the political and judicial systems introduced by the Spaniards?
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In Greater Manila, what language remained dominant in households despite some political Hispanization?
In Greater Manila, what language remained dominant in households despite some political Hispanization?
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Which of the following statements reflects the attitude of the regular clergy towards the spread of Spanish?
Which of the following statements reflects the attitude of the regular clergy towards the spread of Spanish?
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What was a key socioeconomic factor that affected the spread of Spanish in the Philippines?
What was a key socioeconomic factor that affected the spread of Spanish in the Philippines?
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What was the status of the mestizo class concerning Spanish fluency?
What was the status of the mestizo class concerning Spanish fluency?
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What was one of the main concerns of civil authorities regarding the Filipino's native languages?
What was one of the main concerns of civil authorities regarding the Filipino's native languages?
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Why did the majority of Filipinos not become Spanish speakers despite over three hundred years of Spanish rule?
Why did the majority of Filipinos not become Spanish speakers despite over three hundred years of Spanish rule?
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What incentive did teachers have to work in civil-operated primary schools?
What incentive did teachers have to work in civil-operated primary schools?
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What was the royal policy shift regarding language instruction in the Philippines during the 17th and 18th centuries?
What was the royal policy shift regarding language instruction in the Philippines during the 17th and 18th centuries?
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What challenges did students face in accessing primary schools during Spanish rule?
What challenges did students face in accessing primary schools during Spanish rule?
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How did the presence of local priests impact the Spanish influence in the Philippine provinces?
How did the presence of local priests impact the Spanish influence in the Philippine provinces?
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What was one consequence of the decline of monastic-run schools?
What was one consequence of the decline of monastic-run schools?
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What aspect of the Filipino commonwealth was more pronounced in the Philippines compared to Mexico?
What aspect of the Filipino commonwealth was more pronounced in the Philippines compared to Mexico?
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Study Notes
Land, Politics, and Society
- Spanish landlords, for self-interest, protected their workers from abusive clergy.
- Native magistrates lacked the power to oppose the Church's demands in the Philippines due to the absence of Spanish landlords.
- In Mexico, large landholdings (latifundia) were prevalent in the south, with smaller units in areas with dense Indigenous populations.
- Spanish intrusion into Indigenous lands reduced but didn't eliminate Indigenous leadership.
- Local administration remained in the hands of Indigenous leaders, but their leadership was weakened, with debt peons under hacienda management.
- Indigenous masses received some protection against exploitation of their own leaders and the clergy.
- Debt peonage was a significant hardship for the masses.
- The Filipino class structure was more cohesive than in Mexico, reinforced by services provided by principales to the colonial government.
- Principales acted as intermediaries for material demands of the Spanish regime.
- Principales were also local political administrators; their complementary political role needs further exploration.
The Barangay
- The Spanish administration transformed the barangay into the smallest local government unit.
- Ideally barangays had 45-50 families.
- The actual number of families in a barangay varied.
- The head of the barangay was originally called a datu, later Hispanized to cabeza de barangay.
- Headsmen (principales) were given privileges like exemptions from tribute and labor.
- Headsmen managed tribute collection and other barangay responsibilities.
- Headsman positions had opportunities for extralegal enrichment.
- Post-conquest barangays were stable and had horizontal mobility.
- Membership was hereditary.
- Members could change barangays but not from religious localities.
- Barangays were critical political and administrative units.
Village Government
- Barangay was the smallest administrative unit.
- Pueblos de Indios were larger administrative units (precursors to municipalities).
- Pueblo included cabecera and visitas (barrios).
- Every pueblo was a collection of barangays.
- Alcaldes mayores were the chief local officers (executive, judicial, and military).
Political Hispanization
- The Spanish viewed Indigenous populations as legal minors with paternalistic protection.
- Spanish utilized an administrative framework, segregating Indigenous people from Spaniards/Mestizos.
- Indigenous people administered their own affairs locally.
- Hispanization was largely culturally absorbed by Filipinos, but not all.
- The adoption of Spanish political forms was quite widespread, but not necessarily at the cost of Indigenous practices.
- The use of Spanish courts and procedures was quite common.
- Restrictions were sometimes put on the jurisdiction of the Audiencia regarding Filipinos, in order to minimize unnecessary litigation.
- The use of Spanish judicial systems was sometimes questioned by the clergy; there were criticisms of the process.
- Filipinos were sometimes adept at using Spanish systems to their advantage.
Land, Politics, and Society
- Filipino upper class (principales) consisted of hereditary cabezas and elected officials.
- Filipino officeholders held statutory privileges of cabezas, typically overlapping roles.
- Office positions had rotation, but election of officials followed established procedures.
- Some political maneuvering by Filipino administrators occurred locally.
The Administration of Justice
- A Spanish system was created for Filipinos to seek redress through the courts.
- Customary law often applied to cases among Filipinos, though not contradicting Spanish-Christian principles.
- There were efforts to make transitions to Spanish legal structures as smoothly as possible.
- Disputes before the conquest were often settled via oral testimony.
- The fiscal (Crown attorney) served as a protector of Filipinos and Chinese, supporting them without charge.
- Regular clergy sometimes questioned the use of Spanish judicial procedures among Filipinos.
- The Philippines witnessed a mix of pre-colonial traditions and Hispanized approaches to legal processes.
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Description
Explore the intricate relationships between Spanish landlords, Indigenous leaders, and the clergy in the colonial periods of Mexico and the Philippines. This quiz delves into issues like debt peonage, the protective roles of landlords, and the class structures that emerged during colonial rule. Test your knowledge on how these dynamics shaped societal developments.
