Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the distance from Earth to the Lagrange Point calculated in the code?
What is the distance from Earth to the Lagrange Point calculated in the code?
- 1,506,117,016 meters
- 58,354,928 meters
- 326,045,071 meters (correct)
- 147,993,882,983 meters
Which mathematical approach is utilized in the provided code for finding roots?
Which mathematical approach is utilized in the provided code for finding roots?
- fsolve (correct)
- Gradient Descent
- Integration
- Differentiation
In the plot, which marker represents the distance to the Moon?
In the plot, which marker represents the distance to the Moon?
- x marker
- red star
- black circle (correct)
- blue triangle
What is the range of values used to create the plot for the Lagrange Point?
What is the range of values used to create the plot for the Lagrange Point?
What was the distance from the Moon to the Lagrange Point according to the output?
What was the distance from the Moon to the Lagrange Point according to the output?
What will the 'relax' function return for an input value of 2?
What will the 'relax' function return for an input value of 2?
What does the variable 'TOO_BIG' likely represent in the context of this code?
What does the variable 'TOO_BIG' likely represent in the context of this code?
How often does the program report values after the first few iterations?
How often does the program report values after the first few iterations?
What is the primary function of 'scipy.optimize.fsolve'?
What is the primary function of 'scipy.optimize.fsolve'?
If the function's value at x3 is negative, which value is reassigned to x1?
If the function's value at x3 is negative, which value is reassigned to x1?
What is indicated by the statement 'Not Converging!' in the output?
What is indicated by the statement 'Not Converging!' in the output?
In the binary search method described, what happens if f(x3) is greater than zero?
In the binary search method described, what happens if f(x3) is greater than zero?
What is the maximum number of iterations set for the relaxation method?
What is the maximum number of iterations set for the relaxation method?
What happens when f(T2) is greater than f(T3)?
What happens when f(T2) is greater than f(T3)?
What is the main purpose of the goldsearch
function?
What is the main purpose of the goldsearch
function?
Which condition leads to sliding T1 and T2 up in the search process?
Which condition leads to sliding T1 and T2 up in the search process?
What is the purpose of the tol
parameter in the goldsearch
function?
What is the purpose of the tol
parameter in the goldsearch
function?
In the goldsearch
function, when is x3 updated to x2?
In the goldsearch
function, when is x3 updated to x2?
What occurs after each adjustment in the values during the goldsearch
routine?
What occurs after each adjustment in the values during the goldsearch
routine?
What is the initial requirement for the range parameters x1, x2, x3, and x4 in goldsearch
?
What is the initial requirement for the range parameters x1, x2, x3, and x4 in goldsearch
?
In the context of the goldsearch
implementation, what does the variable x2 represent?
In the context of the goldsearch
implementation, what does the variable x2 represent?
What is the function returned by the func
definition?
What is the function returned by the func
definition?
In the context of gold search, what is being maximized?
In the context of gold search, what is being maximized?
What value of x from goldsearch
yields the maximum output in this function?
What value of x from goldsearch
yields the maximum output in this function?
In the equation for visible light maximization, which variable is associated with the temperature?
In the equation for visible light maximization, which variable is associated with the temperature?
When simplifying the denominator in the light bulb temperature equation, what does it become?
When simplifying the denominator in the light bulb temperature equation, what does it become?
What is the primary purpose of the goldsearch
function in the provided code?
What is the primary purpose of the goldsearch
function in the provided code?
In the context of light maximization, what is represented by 'I λ' in the equation?
In the context of light maximization, what is represented by 'I λ' in the equation?
What effect does increasing 'x' have on the output of the func
function?
What effect does increasing 'x' have on the output of the func
function?
What is the primary goal of the Six-Hump Camelback function in optimization?
What is the primary goal of the Six-Hump Camelback function in optimization?
Which method is NOT mentioned as an optimization technique used for the Six-Hump problem?
Which method is NOT mentioned as an optimization technique used for the Six-Hump problem?
In the visualization of the Six-Hump problem, which programming construct is used to create a grid for plotting?
In the visualization of the Six-Hump problem, which programming construct is used to create a grid for plotting?
What is the output format of the optimization results from the BFGS method?
What is the output format of the optimization results from the BFGS method?
What is a key requirement for a function used in least squares fitting?
What is a key requirement for a function used in least squares fitting?
What visualization type is used to display the Six-Hump Camelback function in a 3D plot?
What visualization type is used to display the Six-Hump Camelback function in a 3D plot?
What does the term 'residual' refer to in the context of nonlinear curve fitting?
What does the term 'residual' refer to in the context of nonlinear curve fitting?
Which library function is mentioned for performing the least squares fitting in the example?
Which library function is mentioned for performing the least squares fitting in the example?
What does the function effincandescent_bulb(temp)
return?
What does the function effincandescent_bulb(temp)
return?
Which constant is used to calculate COEFF3?
Which constant is used to calculate COEFF3?
What is the lower limit of integration in the effincandescent_bulb
function for a given temperature?
What is the lower limit of integration in the effincandescent_bulb
function for a given temperature?
What integration method is used in the effincandescent_bulb
function?
What integration method is used in the effincandescent_bulb
function?
At what initial temperature is the efficiency first calculated in the program?
At what initial temperature is the efficiency first calculated in the program?
What variable represents the peak temperature found by the search?
What variable represents the peak temperature found by the search?
What does the goldsearch
function accomplish in the program?
What does the goldsearch
function accomplish in the program?
Which of the following statements about the filament temperature range is correct?
Which of the following statements about the filament temperature range is correct?
What libraries does the script import for mathematical computations?
What libraries does the script import for mathematical computations?
What kind of data is visualized using the matplotlib.pyplot
library?
What kind of data is visualized using the matplotlib.pyplot
library?
Flashcards
Relaxation Method
Relaxation Method
A numerical method used to find the approximate solution to a problem by repeatedly refining an initial estimate.
Iteration
Iteration
A single step in a computational process where the result of one step is used as input for the next.
Convergence
Convergence
A process where successive iterations of a calculation get increasingly closer to a fixed point (final solution).
Root Finding (fsolve)
Root Finding (fsolve)
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Binary Search
Binary Search
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fsolve function (SciPy)
fsolve function (SciPy)
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Initial guess
Initial guess
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Lagrange Point
Lagrange Point
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Lagrange point calculation
Lagrange point calculation
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fsolve function
fsolve function
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Earth-Moon Lagrange Point
Earth-Moon Lagrange Point
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Distance from Earth
Distance from Earth
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Golden Search
Golden Search
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Unimodal Function
Unimodal Function
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Interval (x1, x4)
Interval (x1, x4)
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Tolerance (tol)
Tolerance (tol)
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If f(T2) > f(T3)
If f(T2) > f(T3)
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Slide T3 and T4 down
Slide T3 and T4 down
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Else (f(T2) <= f(T3))
Else (f(T2) <= f(T3))
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Slide T1 and T2 up
Slide T1 and T2 up
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Light Intensity Formula
Light Intensity Formula
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Blackbody
Blackbody
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Planck's Law
Planck's Law
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Wien's Displacement Law
Wien's Displacement Law
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Optimization Problem
Optimization Problem
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Golden Search Method
Golden Search Method
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Iteration (Optimization)
Iteration (Optimization)
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Convergence (Optimization)
Convergence (Optimization)
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Six-Hump Camelback Function
Six-Hump Camelback Function
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Meshgrid
Meshgrid
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Efficiency of an Incandescent Bulb
Efficiency of an Incandescent Bulb
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Planck's Constant (h)
Planck's Constant (h)
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Boltzmann Constant (k)
Boltzmann Constant (k)
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Stefan-Boltzmann Law
Stefan-Boltzmann Law
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What is the integral used to calculate efficiency?
What is the integral used to calculate efficiency?
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How does the efficiency change with temperature?
How does the efficiency change with temperature?
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Golden Section Search
Golden Section Search
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What is the peak efficiency temperature of an incandescent bulb?
What is the peak efficiency temperature of an incandescent bulb?
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What is the typical range of operating temperatures for filament bulbs?
What is the typical range of operating temperatures for filament bulbs?
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Why is it important to optimize bulb efficiency?
Why is it important to optimize bulb efficiency?
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What is the Six-Hump Camelback Function?
What is the Six-Hump Camelback Function?
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What is a Meshgrid?
What is a Meshgrid?
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What is the BFGS Method?
What is the BFGS Method?
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What is Basin Hopping?
What is Basin Hopping?
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What is Residual Minimization?
What is Residual Minimization?
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What is Least Squares Fit?
What is Least Squares Fit?
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What is a Nonlinear Fit?
What is a Nonlinear Fit?
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What is the purpose of the residual function?
What is the purpose of the residual function?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Python for Rapid Engineering Solutions
- Course offered by the Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering at Arizona State University
- Instructor: Steve Millman
- Topic: Finding Roots
Finding Roots of Nonlinear Equations
- Objectives include examining numerical methods, using fsolve, and looking at examples
- Topics include Newton's method, Relaxation method, Binary Search
- Example Code: Available
Newton's Method
- Advantage: Converges quickly.
- Disadvantages: Needs the derivative (f'(x)), multiple roots exist, can jump too far if f'(x) is small.
- Possible Solution: Introduce a factor (r) to limit Δx.
- Formula: xnew = x - r * f(x) / f'(x)
Relaxation Method
- Goal: Rearrange the equation to the form x = f(x).
- Steps:
- Start with an initial guess for x.
- Plug the guess into f(x) to get a new value of x.
- Repeat steps 1 and 2 until Δx < ε.
- Disadvantages: Can have multiple roots, may not converge, not suitable for a general form of x = f(x).
- Example: x² + 2x + 1 = 0, rewritten as x = -(x² + 1)/2
Binary Search
- Goal: Find an x₁ such that f(x₁) < 0 and an x₂ such that f(x₂) > 0.
- Steps:
- Set x₃ = (x₁ + x₂)/2
- If f(x₃) < 0, set x₁ = x₃, else set x₂ = x₃
- Repeat until satisfactory accuracy.
- Purpose: Efficiently finding a root based on finding values of either side of the root.
fsolve (scipy.optimize)
- Purpose: Finds roots of functions
- Usage: fsolve(function, initial_guess, args=(arg_list))
- function: The target function.
- initial_guess: Initial approximation of roots (can be an array).
- arg_list (Optional): Additional arguments passed to the target function.
- Important Note: Don't confuse with
numpy.linalg.solve
asfsolve
deals with nonlinear equations.
Lagrange Point (Earth-Moon/Sun-Earth)
- Goal: Identify the point where gravitational forces of celestial bodies balance.
- Methods: Mathematical equations (differential equations) describing the forces are solved using
fsolve
(scipy routine). - Use Cases: Placing satellites in stable orbit.
Optimization Methods
- Goal: Find the minimum or maximum of a function
- Methods: Previous lectures introduced simplified methods. Several Python optimization functions in
scipy
are more sophisticated. - Considerations: Trappable in local minima during the optimization process.
Six-Hump Function
- Purpose: Used for testing optimization algorithms, demonstrating a complex function with multiple local minima.
- Methods: Utilized
fmin_bfgs
andbasinhopping`` methods from
scipy` to find the minimum in 3D.
Residuals
- Goal: Fit a curve to data.
- Method: Use a least squares fit
- Requirement: Function that returns 0 for an exact match.
- Implementation:
leastsq
function inscipy
calls the residual function which in turn calls the target function.- Used with known parameter(s) and sampled values.
Diode Example
- Goal:Find circuit voltages V₁ and V₂.
- Methods: Uses
fsolve
to solve simultaneous equations.
Golden Search
- Goal: Find the maximum value of a function.
- Method: Systematically narrows the search range by splitting the range using a golden ratio.
- Purpose: More reliable optimization algorithm than a simple range-reduction approach.
- Usage: Often preferred when precise optima are needed.
Bulb Problem (Lightbulb Efficiency)
- Goal: Determine the ideal temperature for maximizing visible light from a lightbulb.
- Method: Uses numerical integration with pre-computed parameters to optimize the efficiency equation via the golden search algorithm.
- Calculates and plots efficiency over a range of temperatures.
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