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Questions and Answers
What hormone is responsible for stimulating milk production?
What hormone is responsible for stimulating milk production?
Which hormone is involved in the milk ejection reflex?
Which hormone is involved in the milk ejection reflex?
When is the optimal time for a self-breast exam?
When is the optimal time for a self-breast exam?
What is the function of the pelvic cavity?
What is the function of the pelvic cavity?
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Which statement correctly describes the division of the pelvis?
Which statement correctly describes the division of the pelvis?
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What is the diameter of the outlet in the true pelvis?
What is the diameter of the outlet in the true pelvis?
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Which diameter is typically greater in the inlet of the pelvis?
Which diameter is typically greater in the inlet of the pelvis?
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What is the primary role of the bony ring structure in the pelvis?
What is the primary role of the bony ring structure in the pelvis?
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What describes the Longitudinal Lie of a fetus?
What describes the Longitudinal Lie of a fetus?
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In which position is the fetus's back near the mother's left leg?
In which position is the fetus's back near the mother's left leg?
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Which fetal position corresponds to the majority of cephalic presentations?
Which fetal position corresponds to the majority of cephalic presentations?
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What is the position where the fetus is facing the mother's abdomen?
What is the position where the fetus is facing the mother's abdomen?
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Which term describes the fetal buttocks being nearest to the back?
Which term describes the fetal buttocks being nearest to the back?
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What fetal position is most commonly encountered in a Cephalic presentation?
What fetal position is most commonly encountered in a Cephalic presentation?
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Which fetal position has the fetus lying on its right side?
Which fetal position has the fetus lying on its right side?
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What position indicates that the fetus is facing the mother's left leg?
What position indicates that the fetus is facing the mother's left leg?
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What is the primary role of the hypothalamus in the menstrual cycle?
What is the primary role of the hypothalamus in the menstrual cycle?
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During which days of the menstrual cycle is estrogen considered to be very low?
During which days of the menstrual cycle is estrogen considered to be very low?
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What hormone does the anterior pituitary gland primarily produce in response to FSHRF?
What hormone does the anterior pituitary gland primarily produce in response to FSHRF?
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What is the effect of FSH on the ovaries?
What is the effect of FSH on the ovaries?
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What is the function of progesterone during the menstrual cycle?
What is the function of progesterone during the menstrual cycle?
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When is the level of progesterone in the blood generally very high?
When is the level of progesterone in the blood generally very high?
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Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the release of estrogen from the ovaries?
Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the release of estrogen from the ovaries?
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What is the result of low estrogen levels during the early days of the cycle?
What is the result of low estrogen levels during the early days of the cycle?
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What is the primary function of testosterone in males?
What is the primary function of testosterone in males?
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What triggers the production of testosterone in the primitive testis?
What triggers the production of testosterone in the primitive testis?
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Which hormone's level is a determining factor for the development of male or female secondary sex characteristics?
Which hormone's level is a determining factor for the development of male or female secondary sex characteristics?
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During Tanner's sexual development, what is the first female secondary sex characteristic to appear?
During Tanner's sexual development, what is the first female secondary sex characteristic to appear?
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What is indicated by 'Adrenarche' in females?
What is indicated by 'Adrenarche' in females?
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What anatomical feature of the testicles allows them to be located in the scrotal sack?
What anatomical feature of the testicles allows them to be located in the scrotal sack?
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Why is circumcision commonly practiced in many Christian countries?
Why is circumcision commonly practiced in many Christian countries?
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Which characteristic is a result of the broadening of the hips in females during sexual development?
Which characteristic is a result of the broadening of the hips in females during sexual development?
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What is the recommended number of check-ups during pregnancy according to the EINC standard?
What is the recommended number of check-ups during pregnancy according to the EINC standard?
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Which hormone is primarily associated with the male reproductive system?
Which hormone is primarily associated with the male reproductive system?
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What is the ideal spacing between children suggested in the content?
What is the ideal spacing between children suggested in the content?
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What is the key purpose of tocolytic medications?
What is the key purpose of tocolytic medications?
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During which month is the second check-up traditionally scheduled during pregnancy?
During which month is the second check-up traditionally scheduled during pregnancy?
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Which of the following terms refers to the female organs that produce eggs?
Which of the following terms refers to the female organs that produce eggs?
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What is a recommended age range for planned pregnancies mentioned in the content?
What is a recommended age range for planned pregnancies mentioned in the content?
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Which medication type is used to induce or strengthen uterine contractions during labor?
Which medication type is used to induce or strengthen uterine contractions during labor?
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What term describes the relationship between the penis and vagina in the context of reproduction?
What term describes the relationship between the penis and vagina in the context of reproduction?
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What is the primary function of the fallopian tubes?
What is the primary function of the fallopian tubes?
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Study Notes
Hormonal Functions in Lactation
- Prolactin is responsible for stimulating milk production in the acini cells of the breast lobes.
- The milk ejection reflex, or let-down reflex, requires oxytocin, which is secreted by the posterior pituitary gland.
Self-Breast Exam Timing
- The best time to perform a self-breast exam is 5-7 days after menstruation.
Pelvic Anatomy and Function
- The pelvis supports and protects reproductive, urinary, and digestive organs.
- It is a bony ring structure comprised of the true and false pelvis.
- The true pelvis serves as the birth canal, while the false pelvis supports the growing uterus.
Pelvic Division
- False pelvis extends from the symphysis pubis upward.
- True pelvis extends from the symphysis pubis downward.
Pelvic Measurements
- Inlet (Transverse): 11 cm, Cavity: 12 cm, Outlet: 13 cm (in transverse diameter).
- Overall, the transverse diameter is larger than the anteroposterior (AP) diameter in the inlet.
Mechanism of Labor
- The baby must rotate when passing through the birth canal.
- Fetal positions include Right Anterior (RA), Right Posterior (RP), Left Anterior (LA), and Left Posterior (LP).
Fetal Positioning
- Common fetal positions include:
- Left Occiput Anterior (LOA): Most common and optimal for birth.
- Occiput Anterior (OA): Fetus faced down.
- Occiput Posterior (OP): Fetus faced up.
Male and Female Homologous Structures
- Male and female reproductive systems share homologous structures; for example:
- Glans penis (male) corresponds to the clitoris (female).
- Scrotum (male) corresponds to the labia majora (female).
- Testosterone (male) is parallel to estrogen and progesterone (female).
Pregnancy Considerations
- Recommended to plan pregnancies when women are 20-30 years old and ideally 1 year after marriage.
- Pregnancy spacing should ideally be 3-5 years with a preferable total of 2-3 children.
Medications in Labor
- Oxytoxic medications are used to induce or enhance uterine contractions during labor.
- Tocolytics are used to relax the uterus and suppress premature labor.
Tanner’s Sexual Development
- Secondary sex characteristics in females follow a specific order:
- Acceleration in linear growth, broadening of hips, breast development, followed by the growth of pubic and axillary hair.
Menstrual Cycle Regulation
- The hypothalamus releases Gonadotropic Releasing Hormone (GnRH), which stimulates the anterior pituitary gland.
- The anterior pituitary produces Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH), crucial for regulating the menstrual cycle and ovary hormone production.
Ovarian Function and Menstrual Cycle
- Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) prompts ovarian follicles to mature, while estrogen affects the uterus by stimulating preparations for potential pregnancy.
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