Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which arteries supply blood to the lacrimal gland?
Which arteries supply blood to the lacrimal gland?
- Carotid artery and the facial artery
- Lacrimal branch of the ophthalmic artery and the infraorbital branch of the facial artery
- Lacrimal branch of the ophthalmic artery and the infraorbital branch of the maxillary artery (correct)
- Ophthalmic artery and the ophthalmic branch of the maxillary artery
What is the role of Hasner's Valve in the lacrimal system?
What is the role of Hasner's Valve in the lacrimal system?
- To prevent backflow of tears from the nasolacrimal duct (correct)
- To facilitate tear drainage into the lacrimal sac
- To regulate the secretion of the outer lipid layer
- To assist in the contraction of the orbicularis muscle
Which glands are primarily responsible for the production of the outer lipid layer of the tear film?
Which glands are primarily responsible for the production of the outer lipid layer of the tear film?
- Glands of Krause
- Sebaceous Zeis glands
- Meibomian glands (correct)
- Conjunctival goblet cells
How many lacrimal puncta are present in the human eye?
How many lacrimal puncta are present in the human eye?
Which structure connects the lacrimal sac to the inferior meatus of the nose?
Which structure connects the lacrimal sac to the inferior meatus of the nose?
What is the approximate length of the nasolacrimal duct?
What is the approximate length of the nasolacrimal duct?
Where are the Glands of Wolfring primarily located?
Where are the Glands of Wolfring primarily located?
What function does the Horner's muscle serve in the lacrimal apparatus?
What function does the Horner's muscle serve in the lacrimal apparatus?
What is the definitive end stage solution when all procedures to obtain a patent canaliculus have failed?
What is the definitive end stage solution when all procedures to obtain a patent canaliculus have failed?
Which of the following agents is NOT a common causative factor for acute suppurative inflammation of the lacrimal sac?
Which of the following agents is NOT a common causative factor for acute suppurative inflammation of the lacrimal sac?
What is the typical symptom experienced in cases of chronic dacryocystitis?
What is the typical symptom experienced in cases of chronic dacryocystitis?
Which of the following is a complication associated with acute dacryocystitis?
Which of the following is a complication associated with acute dacryocystitis?
What is the primary focus of the treatment following the subsidence of an acute attack of dacryocystitis?
What is the primary focus of the treatment following the subsidence of an acute attack of dacryocystitis?
In chronic dacryocystitis, what is the result of applying pressure to the swelling of the lacrimal sac?
In chronic dacryocystitis, what is the result of applying pressure to the swelling of the lacrimal sac?
Which of the following symptoms is NOT typically associated with acute dacryocystitis?
Which of the following symptoms is NOT typically associated with acute dacryocystitis?
What is the key investigation method for chronic dacryocystitis?
What is the key investigation method for chronic dacryocystitis?
What is the primary purpose of creating a surgical opening between the lacrimal sac and the nasal mucosa?
What is the primary purpose of creating a surgical opening between the lacrimal sac and the nasal mucosa?
In which scenario would dacryocystectomy be the preferred treatment?
In which scenario would dacryocystectomy be the preferred treatment?
What are some of the contraindications for performing DCR?
What are some of the contraindications for performing DCR?
What is the most likely symptom indicating naso-lacrimal duct obstruction in newborns?
What is the most likely symptom indicating naso-lacrimal duct obstruction in newborns?
What is the recommended first-line conservative treatment for naso-lacrimal duct obstruction in newborns?
What is the recommended first-line conservative treatment for naso-lacrimal duct obstruction in newborns?
What additional care should follow the lacrimal sac massage in the treatment of naso-lacrimal duct obstruction?
What additional care should follow the lacrimal sac massage in the treatment of naso-lacrimal duct obstruction?
In diagnosing congenital glaucoma in newborns, which key sign differentiates it from naso-lacrimal duct obstruction?
In diagnosing congenital glaucoma in newborns, which key sign differentiates it from naso-lacrimal duct obstruction?
What should be avoided during probing of the naso-lacrimal duct to prevent complications?
What should be avoided during probing of the naso-lacrimal duct to prevent complications?
What is the function of lysozymes found in the aqueous layer of the eye?
What is the function of lysozymes found in the aqueous layer of the eye?
Which condition is characterized by a cystic swelling in the upper fornix due to retention of lacrimal secretion?
Which condition is characterized by a cystic swelling in the upper fornix due to retention of lacrimal secretion?
What is the primary symptom of punctal obstruction?
What is the primary symptom of punctal obstruction?
Which of the following is NOT a potential cause of canalicular obstruction?
Which of the following is NOT a potential cause of canalicular obstruction?
What does the term 'epiphora' specifically refer to?
What does the term 'epiphora' specifically refer to?
In cases of ectropion, which treatment is recommended regardless of the cause?
In cases of ectropion, which treatment is recommended regardless of the cause?
What is one of the major complications associated with acute inflammation of the lacrimal gland?
What is one of the major complications associated with acute inflammation of the lacrimal gland?
Which procedure involves using punctal dilators to treat punctal obstruction?
Which procedure involves using punctal dilators to treat punctal obstruction?
What is a common cause of evaporative dry eye?
What is a common cause of evaporative dry eye?
In probing of the nasolacrimal duct (NLD) for infantile dacryocystitis, what is the initial step conducted?
In probing of the nasolacrimal duct (NLD) for infantile dacryocystitis, what is the initial step conducted?
Which condition is associated with suboptimal tear secretion leading to aqueous deficient dry eye?
Which condition is associated with suboptimal tear secretion leading to aqueous deficient dry eye?
What procedure might be indicated if probing of the NLD fails to resolve infantile dacryocystitis after certain attempts?
What procedure might be indicated if probing of the NLD fails to resolve infantile dacryocystitis after certain attempts?
Which of the following methods is NOT used to assess tear film stability?
Which of the following methods is NOT used to assess tear film stability?
What is the recommended duration for keeping a silicone tube in the nasolacrimal duct during treatment?
What is the recommended duration for keeping a silicone tube in the nasolacrimal duct during treatment?
Which of the following is a potential cause of conjunctival scarring?
Which of the following is a potential cause of conjunctival scarring?
What characteristic is associated with Sjogren's syndrome in relation to dry eye conditions?
What characteristic is associated with Sjogren's syndrome in relation to dry eye conditions?
Which syndrome is characterized by atrophy and fibrosis of lacrimal and salivary glands?
Which syndrome is characterized by atrophy and fibrosis of lacrimal and salivary glands?
Epiphora, or excessive watering of the eyes, can occur in which of the following conditions?
Epiphora, or excessive watering of the eyes, can occur in which of the following conditions?
What is the most common type of tumor found in the lacrimal gland?
What is the most common type of tumor found in the lacrimal gland?
Tear production in newborns typically begins after how many weeks?
Tear production in newborns typically begins after how many weeks?
Where does the nasolacrimal duct open into the nasal cavity?
Where does the nasolacrimal duct open into the nasal cavity?
Which procedure is often indicated for acquired obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct?
Which procedure is often indicated for acquired obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct?
What is a common cause of obstructive epiphora in children?
What is a common cause of obstructive epiphora in children?
Which of the following is a treatment option for congenital epiphora?
Which of the following is a treatment option for congenital epiphora?
What is the primary location of the glands of Krause in the lacrimal apparatus?
What is the primary location of the glands of Krause in the lacrimal apparatus?
Which structure is responsible for creating negative pressure in the lacrimal sac during eyelid closure?
Which structure is responsible for creating negative pressure in the lacrimal sac during eyelid closure?
Which layer of the tear film is primarily responsible for preventing rapid evaporation of tears?
Which layer of the tear film is primarily responsible for preventing rapid evaporation of tears?
What is the approximate length of the lacrimal sac?
What is the approximate length of the lacrimal sac?
Which of the following glands has a limited number situated near the upper border of the tarsal plate?
Which of the following glands has a limited number situated near the upper border of the tarsal plate?
How many lacrimal ducts connect the lacrimal sac to the inferior meatus of the nose?
How many lacrimal ducts connect the lacrimal sac to the inferior meatus of the nose?
What is the causative agent most commonly associated with chronic dacryocystitis?
What is the causative agent most commonly associated with chronic dacryocystitis?
Which anatomical feature is responsible for the opening of the nasolacrimal duct?
Which anatomical feature is responsible for the opening of the nasolacrimal duct?
Which symptom is NOT typically associated with acute dacryocystitis?
Which symptom is NOT typically associated with acute dacryocystitis?
What does the term 'pyocele' refer to in the context of lacrimal disorders?
What does the term 'pyocele' refer to in the context of lacrimal disorders?
What is the primary arterial supply to the lacrimal gland?
What is the primary arterial supply to the lacrimal gland?
Which of the following treatments is indicated for acute dacryocystitis during the initial phase?
Which of the following treatments is indicated for acute dacryocystitis during the initial phase?
What is a possible complication of chronic dacryocystitis?
What is a possible complication of chronic dacryocystitis?
What does a positive regurgitation test indicate during the examination of the lacrimal sac?
What does a positive regurgitation test indicate during the examination of the lacrimal sac?
What is the primary reason for conducting a dacryocystorhinostomy?
What is the primary reason for conducting a dacryocystorhinostomy?
Which of the following is considered a rare causative agent for dacryocystitis?
Which of the following is considered a rare causative agent for dacryocystitis?
What is the primary function of lysozymes found in the middle aqueous layer of tear film?
What is the primary function of lysozymes found in the middle aqueous layer of tear film?
Which condition is primarily associated with cystic swelling in the upper fornix due to accumulation of lacrimal secretion?
Which condition is primarily associated with cystic swelling in the upper fornix due to accumulation of lacrimal secretion?
What is the main symptom associated with punctal obstruction?
What is the main symptom associated with punctal obstruction?
Which treatment is indicated for punctal obstruction using a surgical approach?
Which treatment is indicated for punctal obstruction using a surgical approach?
What anatomical structures contribute to the formation of the inner mucinous layer of the tear film?
What anatomical structures contribute to the formation of the inner mucinous layer of the tear film?
Which of the following conditions primarily causes acute inflammation of the lacrimal gland?
Which of the following conditions primarily causes acute inflammation of the lacrimal gland?
What is commonly seen as a characteristic sign in cases of lacrimal gland swelling?
What is commonly seen as a characteristic sign in cases of lacrimal gland swelling?
Which treatment option is typically used for acquired canalicular obstruction?
Which treatment option is typically used for acquired canalicular obstruction?
What is the primary indication for dacryocystectomy?
What is the primary indication for dacryocystectomy?
Which symptom is commonly associated with naso-lacrimal duct obstruction in newborns?
Which symptom is commonly associated with naso-lacrimal duct obstruction in newborns?
What is the main purpose of probing the nasolacrimal duct in infants?
What is the main purpose of probing the nasolacrimal duct in infants?
Which is a contraindication for performing DCR?
Which is a contraindication for performing DCR?
What should be avoided while probing the naso-lacrimal duct to prevent complications?
What should be avoided while probing the naso-lacrimal duct to prevent complications?
What additional care should be taken after performing lacrimal sac massage in newborns?
What additional care should be taken after performing lacrimal sac massage in newborns?
What condition could lead to congenital naso-lacrimal duct obstruction in newborns?
What condition could lead to congenital naso-lacrimal duct obstruction in newborns?
What is a common outcome if probing of the nasolacrimal duct fails after repeated attempts?
What is a common outcome if probing of the nasolacrimal duct fails after repeated attempts?
Which syndrome is associated with atrophy and fibrosis of lacrimal and salivary glands?
Which syndrome is associated with atrophy and fibrosis of lacrimal and salivary glands?
Epiphora can occur due to which of the following conditions?
Epiphora can occur due to which of the following conditions?
What is the most common tumor found in the lacrimal gland?
What is the most common tumor found in the lacrimal gland?
Tears begin to be produced in newborns after how many weeks?
Tears begin to be produced in newborns after how many weeks?
The nasolacrimal duct opens into the nasal cavity at which location?
The nasolacrimal duct opens into the nasal cavity at which location?
Which treatment is NOT commonly effective for congenital epiphora?
Which treatment is NOT commonly effective for congenital epiphora?
In cases of ectropion, what is a common recommended treatment?
In cases of ectropion, what is a common recommended treatment?
What type of obstruction can result from congenital conditions such as punctual atresia?
What type of obstruction can result from congenital conditions such as punctual atresia?
What is the primary purpose of a silicone tube during the treatment of nasolacrimal duct obstruction?
What is the primary purpose of a silicone tube during the treatment of nasolacrimal duct obstruction?
What is the specific measurement used to assess deficient tear production during diagnosis of dry eye?
What is the specific measurement used to assess deficient tear production during diagnosis of dry eye?
Which condition is characterized by autoimmune disease leading to atrophy and fibrosis of the lacrimal gland?
Which condition is characterized by autoimmune disease leading to atrophy and fibrosis of the lacrimal gland?
In probing of the nasolacrimal duct, what direction should the probe be directed after reaching the bony stop?
In probing of the nasolacrimal duct, what direction should the probe be directed after reaching the bony stop?
What is the typical duration a silicone tube is advised to remain in the nasolacrimal duct?
What is the typical duration a silicone tube is advised to remain in the nasolacrimal duct?
What is a method used to analyze the stability of the tear film in clinical settings?
What is a method used to analyze the stability of the tear film in clinical settings?
Which clinical feature is likely observed in patients with deficient tear films as a result of evaporative dry eye?
Which clinical feature is likely observed in patients with deficient tear films as a result of evaporative dry eye?
Which of the following conditions is NOT associated with conjunctival scarring?
Which of the following conditions is NOT associated with conjunctival scarring?
What is the primary function of the middle aqueous layer of the tear film?
What is the primary function of the middle aqueous layer of the tear film?
How does the inner mucinous layer contribute to corneal health?
How does the inner mucinous layer contribute to corneal health?
What common symptom is associated with punctal obstruction?
What common symptom is associated with punctal obstruction?
What is a significant characteristic of acute inflammation of the lacrimal gland?
What is a significant characteristic of acute inflammation of the lacrimal gland?
What treatment is generally indicated for cases of ectropion, regardless of cause?
What treatment is generally indicated for cases of ectropion, regardless of cause?
What is a common cause of canalicular obstruction in both congenital and acquired cases?
What is a common cause of canalicular obstruction in both congenital and acquired cases?
In the treatment of punctal obstruction, what is one surgical approach that can be employed?
In the treatment of punctal obstruction, what is one surgical approach that can be employed?
What condition is indicated by a cystic swelling in the upper fornix due to retention of lacrimal secretion?
What condition is indicated by a cystic swelling in the upper fornix due to retention of lacrimal secretion?
What is the primary causative agent for chronic dacryocystitis?
What is the primary causative agent for chronic dacryocystitis?
What complication may arise from acute dacryocystitis if untreated?
What complication may arise from acute dacryocystitis if untreated?
Which symptom is commonly observed during the regurgitation test for chronic dacryocystitis?
Which symptom is commonly observed during the regurgitation test for chronic dacryocystitis?
What is the main purpose of dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) in the treatment of lacrimal sac disorders?
What is the main purpose of dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) in the treatment of lacrimal sac disorders?
During the acute phase of dacryocystitis, what treatment options are utilized?
During the acute phase of dacryocystitis, what treatment options are utilized?
What is a potential outcome if the canaliculi become obstructed during chronic dacryocystitis?
What is a potential outcome if the canaliculi become obstructed during chronic dacryocystitis?
Which condition is indicated by severe pain and fever, alongside swelling over the lacrimal sac?
Which condition is indicated by severe pain and fever, alongside swelling over the lacrimal sac?
What unique challenge does chronic dacryocystitis pose regarding its symptoms?
What unique challenge does chronic dacryocystitis pose regarding its symptoms?
What is the main function of the glands located within the conjunctival stroma?
What is the main function of the glands located within the conjunctival stroma?
Describe how the tear film spreads over the ocular surface.
Describe how the tear film spreads over the ocular surface.
In which anatomical location do the lacrimal puncti reside?
In which anatomical location do the lacrimal puncti reside?
What role does the Horner's muscle play in tear drainage?
What role does the Horner's muscle play in tear drainage?
Identify the primary arterial supply to the lacrimal gland.
Identify the primary arterial supply to the lacrimal gland.
How do the Glands of Krause and Wolfring differ in terms of their distribution?
How do the Glands of Krause and Wolfring differ in terms of their distribution?
What is the primary function of the nasolacrimal duct?
What is the primary function of the nasolacrimal duct?
Explain the significance of Hasner's Valve in the nasolacrimal duct system.
Explain the significance of Hasner's Valve in the nasolacrimal duct system.
What is the significance of a silicone tube in the treatment of infantile dacryocystitis?
What is the significance of a silicone tube in the treatment of infantile dacryocystitis?
Describe the initial steps in probing of the nasolacrimal duct (NLD) for infantile dacryocystitis.
Describe the initial steps in probing of the nasolacrimal duct (NLD) for infantile dacryocystitis.
What are the clinical signs indicative of evaporative dry eye related to meibomian gland dysfunction?
What are the clinical signs indicative of evaporative dry eye related to meibomian gland dysfunction?
What is the role of the Tear Film Break Up Time (TFBUT) in assessing dry eye conditions?
What is the role of the Tear Film Break Up Time (TFBUT) in assessing dry eye conditions?
In cases of dacryocystitis that fail to respond by age four, what surgical procedure might be indicated?
In cases of dacryocystitis that fail to respond by age four, what surgical procedure might be indicated?
What complications may arise from congenital absence of the lacrimal gland?
What complications may arise from congenital absence of the lacrimal gland?
What is keratoconjunctivitis sicca and how does it relate to dry eye conditions?
What is keratoconjunctivitis sicca and how does it relate to dry eye conditions?
How does the presence of conjunctival scarring affect tear film stability?
How does the presence of conjunctival scarring affect tear film stability?
What are two main treatments for congenital obstruction of epiphora?
What are two main treatments for congenital obstruction of epiphora?
Name one emotional and one reflex condition that can lead to excessive lacrimation.
Name one emotional and one reflex condition that can lead to excessive lacrimation.
What is the likely diagnosis for a patient with epiphora caused by inadequate tear drainage due to ectropion?
What is the likely diagnosis for a patient with epiphora caused by inadequate tear drainage due to ectropion?
What procedure is typically performed when probing and dilatation fail to treat acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction?
What procedure is typically performed when probing and dilatation fail to treat acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction?
Which type of tumors are most commonly associated with the lacrimal gland?
Which type of tumors are most commonly associated with the lacrimal gland?
After how many weeks does tear production typically begin in newborns?
After how many weeks does tear production typically begin in newborns?
In which anatomical location does the nasolacrimal duct terminate?
In which anatomical location does the nasolacrimal duct terminate?
What are two potential causes of obstructive epiphora mentioned in the content?
What are two potential causes of obstructive epiphora mentioned in the content?
What is the primary goal of creating a surgical opening between the lacrimal sac and the nasal mucosa?
What is the primary goal of creating a surgical opening between the lacrimal sac and the nasal mucosa?
What is chronic dacryocystitis, and what typically triggers it in newborns?
What is chronic dacryocystitis, and what typically triggers it in newborns?
What are the contraindications for performing DCR (Dacryocystorhinostomy)?
What are the contraindications for performing DCR (Dacryocystorhinostomy)?
In the context of naso-lacrimal duct obstruction, what is the purpose of lacrimal sac massage?
In the context of naso-lacrimal duct obstruction, what is the purpose of lacrimal sac massage?
What symptom is often associated with a NLD (naso-lacrimal duct) obstruction in newborns?
What symptom is often associated with a NLD (naso-lacrimal duct) obstruction in newborns?
What is the recommended treatment when probing of the NLD fails for an infant with dacryocystitis?
What is the recommended treatment when probing of the NLD fails for an infant with dacryocystitis?
What is the expected outcome of applying pressure to a swollen lacrimal sac in chronic dacryocystitis?
What is the expected outcome of applying pressure to a swollen lacrimal sac in chronic dacryocystitis?
What initial step is taken during probing of the naso-lacrimal duct?
What initial step is taken during probing of the naso-lacrimal duct?
What is the primary cause of acute suppurative inflammation of the lacrimal sac?
What is the primary cause of acute suppurative inflammation of the lacrimal sac?
Describe the symptom that would indicate a positive regurgitation test in chronic dacryocystitis.
Describe the symptom that would indicate a positive regurgitation test in chronic dacryocystitis.
List two common complications associated with acute dacryocystitis.
List two common complications associated with acute dacryocystitis.
What is the recommended initial treatment for chronic dacryocystitis?
What is the recommended initial treatment for chronic dacryocystitis?
What procedure is considered the operation of choice for managing chronic dacryocystitis?
What procedure is considered the operation of choice for managing chronic dacryocystitis?
Identify a significant sign that accompanies acute inflammation of the lacrimal sac.
Identify a significant sign that accompanies acute inflammation of the lacrimal sac.
Which common bacterium is responsible for 80% of chronic dacryocystitis cases?
Which common bacterium is responsible for 80% of chronic dacryocystitis cases?
What is the purpose of hot fomentations in the treatment of acute dacryocystitis?
What is the purpose of hot fomentations in the treatment of acute dacryocystitis?
What is the primary indication for performing Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR)?
What is the primary indication for performing Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR)?
What conservative treatment is commonly recommended for naso-lacrimal duct obstruction in newborns?
What conservative treatment is commonly recommended for naso-lacrimal duct obstruction in newborns?
List one contraindication for performing DCR.
List one contraindication for performing DCR.
What characterizes the symptoms of naso-lacrimal duct obstruction in newborns?
What characterizes the symptoms of naso-lacrimal duct obstruction in newborns?
What is the main goal of probing the naso-lacrimal duct in infants?
What is the main goal of probing the naso-lacrimal duct in infants?
What should be avoided during the probing of the naso-lacrimal duct to prevent complications?
What should be avoided during the probing of the naso-lacrimal duct to prevent complications?
In cases where DCR cannot be performed, what alternative surgical treatment is indicated?
In cases where DCR cannot be performed, what alternative surgical treatment is indicated?
What is the typical age at which tears begin to be secreted in newborns?
What is the typical age at which tears begin to be secreted in newborns?
What role do goblet cells play in the middle aqueous layer of the tear film?
What role do goblet cells play in the middle aqueous layer of the tear film?
Explain the difference between acute and chronic inflammation of the lacrimal gland.
Explain the difference between acute and chronic inflammation of the lacrimal gland.
How does epiphora occur due to punctal obstruction?
How does epiphora occur due to punctal obstruction?
What is the primary symptom of canalicular obstruction?
What is the primary symptom of canalicular obstruction?
Describe the treatment options available for canalicular obstruction.
Describe the treatment options available for canalicular obstruction.
What is the significance of lysozymes found in the middle aqueous layer?
What is the significance of lysozymes found in the middle aqueous layer?
What treatment is recommended for ectropion regardless of its cause?
What treatment is recommended for ectropion regardless of its cause?
What does the term 'cystic swelling in the upper fornix' indicate?
What does the term 'cystic swelling in the upper fornix' indicate?
What is the primary function of the lacrimal gland in tear production?
What is the primary function of the lacrimal gland in tear production?
Describe the anatomical location of the lacrimal puncta.
Describe the anatomical location of the lacrimal puncta.
What is the anatomical relationship between the lacrimal sac and the nasolacrimal duct?
What is the anatomical relationship between the lacrimal sac and the nasolacrimal duct?
What role does the conjunctival goblet cell play in the tear film?
What role does the conjunctival goblet cell play in the tear film?
What are two possible treatments for congenital obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct?
What are two possible treatments for congenital obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct?
Identify the two accessory lacrimal glands and their primary locations.
Identify the two accessory lacrimal glands and their primary locations.
Identify one condition that can lead to epiphora due to obstructive causes.
Identify one condition that can lead to epiphora due to obstructive causes.
Explain the mechanism by which Horner's muscle aids in tear drainage.
Explain the mechanism by which Horner's muscle aids in tear drainage.
What is Hasner's Valve, and where is it located?
What is Hasner's Valve, and where is it located?
What type of obstruction is primarily treated with dilatation and probing?
What type of obstruction is primarily treated with dilatation and probing?
What is the average size of the lacrimal sac when distended?
What is the average size of the lacrimal sac when distended?
What emotional condition can lead to excessive lacrimation?
What emotional condition can lead to excessive lacrimation?
What is a surgical procedure used to treat both congenital and acquired epiphora?
What is a surgical procedure used to treat both congenital and acquired epiphora?
Describe one major difference between congenital and acquired causes of epiphora.
Describe one major difference between congenital and acquired causes of epiphora.
Which tear system issue is often associated with facial palsy?
Which tear system issue is often associated with facial palsy?
What is the role of systemic steroids in the treatment of excessive lacrimation?
What is the role of systemic steroids in the treatment of excessive lacrimation?
What is the purpose of a Nettleship’s dilator in probing the nasolacrimal duct?
What is the purpose of a Nettleship’s dilator in probing the nasolacrimal duct?
Describe the typical duration for keeping a silicone tube in the nasolacrimal duct during treatment for infantile dacryocystitis.
Describe the typical duration for keeping a silicone tube in the nasolacrimal duct during treatment for infantile dacryocystitis.
What condition is indicated when a DCR procedure is necessary for infantile dacryocystitis?
What condition is indicated when a DCR procedure is necessary for infantile dacryocystitis?
What are the symptoms of aqueous deficient dry eye?
What are the symptoms of aqueous deficient dry eye?
How is tear film stability objectively measured in dry eye evaluations?
How is tear film stability objectively measured in dry eye evaluations?
Which autoimmune condition is commonly associated with keratoconjunctivitis sicca?
Which autoimmune condition is commonly associated with keratoconjunctivitis sicca?
What is the likely cause of defective oily layer in evaporative dry eye?
What is the likely cause of defective oily layer in evaporative dry eye?
What initial step is performed during the probing of the nasolacrimal duct for infantile dacryocystitis?
What initial step is performed during the probing of the nasolacrimal duct for infantile dacryocystitis?
Flashcards
Acute dacryocystitis
Acute dacryocystitis
A sudden inflammation of the lacrimal sac, often caused by bacterial infection.
Naso-lacrimal duct obstruction
Naso-lacrimal duct obstruction
Blockage of the passageway that drains tears from the eye to the nose.
Chronic dacryocystitis
Chronic dacryocystitis
Long-term inflammation of the lacrimal sac, usually resulting from a blocked tear duct.
Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR)
Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR)
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Regurgitation test
Regurgitation test
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Epiphora
Epiphora
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Orbital Cellulitis
Orbital Cellulitis
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Conjunctivo-dacryocystorhinostomy
Conjunctivo-dacryocystorhinostomy
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Lacrimal Gland Location
Lacrimal Gland Location
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Lacrimal Gland Supply
Lacrimal Gland Supply
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Lacrimal Puncta
Lacrimal Puncta
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Lacrimal Canaliculi
Lacrimal Canaliculi
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Lacrimal Sac
Lacrimal Sac
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Nasolacrimal Duct
Nasolacrimal Duct
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Horner's Muscle
Horner's Muscle
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Tear Film Layers
Tear Film Layers
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Epiphora
Epiphora
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Punctal Obstruction
Punctal Obstruction
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Acute Dacryocystitis
Acute Dacryocystitis
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Canalicular Obstruction
Canalicular Obstruction
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Lacrimal Gland Inflammation
Lacrimal Gland Inflammation
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Punctal Eversion
Punctal Eversion
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Ectropion
Ectropion
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Canalicuitits
Canalicuitits
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Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR)
Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR)
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Chronic Dacryocystitis
Chronic Dacryocystitis
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Naso-Lacrimal Duct Obstruction
Naso-Lacrimal Duct Obstruction
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Regurgitation Test
Regurgitation Test
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Epiphora
Epiphora
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Lacrimal Sac Massage
Lacrimal Sac Massage
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Probing of NLD
Probing of NLD
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Mucocele of Lacrimal Sac
Mucocele of Lacrimal Sac
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Infant Dacryocystitis
Infant Dacryocystitis
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Nettleship's Dilator
Nettleship's Dilator
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Dry Eye
Dry Eye
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Tear Film Instability
Tear Film Instability
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Schirmer's Test
Schirmer's Test
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Tear Film Break-Up Time (TBUT)
Tear Film Break-Up Time (TBUT)
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Nasolacrimal Duct (NLD) probing
Nasolacrimal Duct (NLD) probing
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Silicone Tube Intubation
Silicone Tube Intubation
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Epiphora Causes
Epiphora Causes
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Congenital Epiphora
Congenital Epiphora
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Dacryocystorhinostomy
Dacryocystorhinostomy
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Sjögren's Syndrome
Sjögren's Syndrome
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Common Lacrimal Gland Tumor
Common Lacrimal Gland Tumor
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Tear Production Newborn
Tear Production Newborn
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Nasal Tear Duct Opening
Nasal Tear Duct Opening
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Epiphora and Disease
Epiphora and Disease
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Conjunctivo-dacryocystorhinostomy
Conjunctivo-dacryocystorhinostomy
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Acute Dacryocystitis
Acute Dacryocystitis
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Chronic Dacryocystitis
Chronic Dacryocystitis
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Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR)
Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR)
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Regurgitation Test
Regurgitation Test
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Epiphora
Epiphora
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Naso-lacrimal duct obstruction
Naso-lacrimal duct obstruction
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Orbital Cellulitis
Orbital Cellulitis
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Lacrimal Gland Inflammation
Lacrimal Gland Inflammation
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Epiphora
Epiphora
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Punctal Obstruction
Punctal Obstruction
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Punctal Eversion
Punctal Eversion
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Canalicular Obstruction
Canalicular Obstruction
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Ectropion
Ectropion
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Canaliculitis
Canaliculitis
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Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR)
Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR)
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Lacrimal Gland Location
Lacrimal Gland Location
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Lacrimal Gland Supply
Lacrimal Gland Supply
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Lacrimal Puncta
Lacrimal Puncta
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Lacrimal Canaliculi
Lacrimal Canaliculi
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Nasolacrimal Duct
Nasolacrimal Duct
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Horner's Muscle
Horner's Muscle
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Tear Film Layers
Tear Film Layers
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Epiphora
Epiphora
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Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR)
Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR)
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Infant Dacryocystitis
Infant Dacryocystitis
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Naso-lacrimal duct obstruction
Naso-lacrimal duct obstruction
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Chronic Dacryocystitis
Chronic Dacryocystitis
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Regurgitation Test
Regurgitation Test
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Epiphora
Epiphora
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Lacrimal Sac Massage
Lacrimal Sac Massage
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Probing of NLD
Probing of NLD
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Dry Eye
Dry Eye
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Nasolacrimal Duct (NLD) probing
Nasolacrimal Duct (NLD) probing
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Infant Dacryocystitis
Infant Dacryocystitis
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Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR)
Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR)
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Probing of NLD
Probing of NLD
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Silicone Tube Intubation
Silicone Tube Intubation
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Schirmer's Test
Schirmer's Test
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Tear Film Break-Up Time (TBUT)
Tear Film Break-Up Time (TBUT)
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Epiphora Causes
Epiphora Causes
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Congenital Epiphora
Congenital Epiphora
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Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR)
Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR)
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Sjögren's Syndrome
Sjögren's Syndrome
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Common Lacrimal Gland Tumor
Common Lacrimal Gland Tumor
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Tear Production Newborn
Tear Production Newborn
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Nasal Tear Duct Opening
Nasal Tear Duct Opening
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Epiphora and Disease
Epiphora and Disease
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Conjunctivo-dacryocystorhinostomy
Conjunctivo-dacryocystorhinostomy
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Acute Dacryocystitis
Acute Dacryocystitis
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Chronic Dacryocystitis
Chronic Dacryocystitis
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Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR)
Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR)
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Regurgitation Test
Regurgitation Test
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Epiphora
Epiphora
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Naso-lacrimal duct (NLD) obstruction
Naso-lacrimal duct (NLD) obstruction
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Orbital cellulitis
Orbital cellulitis
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Lacrimal Gland Location
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Lacrimal Gland Blood Supply
Lacrimal Gland Blood Supply
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Lacrimal Puncta
Lacrimal Puncta
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Lacrimal Canaliculi
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Nasolacrimal Duct
Nasolacrimal Duct
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Horner's Muscle
Horner's Muscle
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Tear Film Layers
Tear Film Layers
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Epiphora
Epiphora
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Lacrimal Gland Inflammation
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Epiphora
Epiphora
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Punctal Obstruction
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Punctal Eversion
Punctal Eversion
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Canalicular Obstruction
Canalicular Obstruction
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Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR)
Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR)
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Acute Dacryocystitis
Acute Dacryocystitis
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Chronic Dacryocystitis
Chronic Dacryocystitis
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Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR)
Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR)
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Infant Dacryocystitis
Infant Dacryocystitis
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Naso-lacrimal duct obstruction
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Chronic Dacryocystitis
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Regurgitation Test
Regurgitation Test
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Epiphora
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Lacrimal Sac Massage
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Probing of NLD
Probing of NLD
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Dry Eye
Dry Eye
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Nasolacrimal Duct (NLD) probing
Nasolacrimal Duct (NLD) probing
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Infant Dacryocystitis
Infant Dacryocystitis
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Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR)
Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR)
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Probing of NLD
Probing of NLD
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Silicone Tube Intubation
Silicone Tube Intubation
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Schirmer's Test
Schirmer's Test
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Tear Film Break-Up Time (TBUT)
Tear Film Break-Up Time (TBUT)
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Epiphora Causes
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Congenital Epiphora
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Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR)
Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR)
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Common Lacrimal Gland Tumor
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Tear Production Newborn
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Nasal Tear Duct Opening
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Epiphora and Disease
Epiphora and Disease
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Acute Dacryocystitis
Acute Dacryocystitis
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Conjunctivo-dacryocystorhinostomy
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Acute Dacryocystitis
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Chronic Dacryocystitis
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Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR)
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Regurgitation Test
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Epiphora
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Naso-lacrimal duct obstruction
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Orbital Cellulitis
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Lacrimal Gland Location
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Lacrimal Gland Supply
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Lacrimal Puncta
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Lacrimal Canaliculi
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Lacrimal Sac
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Nasolacrimal Duct
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Horner's Muscle
Horner's Muscle
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Tear Film Layers
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Epiphora
Epiphora
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Punctal Obstruction
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Acute Dacryocystitis
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Chronic Dacryocystitis
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Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR)
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Ectropion
Ectropion
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Canalicular Obstruction
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Lacrimal Gland Inflammation
Lacrimal Gland Inflammation
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Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR)
Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR)
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Infant Dacryocystitis
Infant Dacryocystitis
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Naso-lacrimal duct obstruction
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Chronic Dacryocystitis
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Regurgitation Test
Regurgitation Test
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Epiphora
Epiphora
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Lacrimal Sac Massage
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Probing of NLD
Probing of NLD
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Nasolacrimal Duct (NLD) probing
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Probing of NLD
Probing of NLD
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Infant Dacryocystitis
Infant Dacryocystitis
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Dry Eye
Dry Eye
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Tear Film Instability
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Schirmer's Test
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Tear Film Break-Up Time (TBUT)
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Silicone Tube Intubation
Silicone Tube Intubation
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Epiphora
Epiphora
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Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction
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Dacryocystorhinostomy
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Punctal Obstruction
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Congenital Epiphora
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Sjögren's Syndrome
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Common Lacrimal Gland Tumor
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Tear Production Newborn
Tear Production Newborn
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Study Notes
Lacrimal Apparatus
- Almond-shaped gland located at upper-outer orbit angle in lacrimal fossa
- 12 ducts of gland open into upper fornix
- Supplied by lacrimal branch of ophthalmic artery and infraorbital branch of maxillary artery
- Drains into superior ophthalmic vein
- Small glands (Glands of Krause) similar to lacrimal glands, located within conjunctival stroma near fornices (approximately 20 in upper lid, 8 in lower lid).
- Glands of Wolfring are few, situated near tarsal plate's upper border
- Sebaceous Zeis glands and meibomian glands, and conjunctiva goblet cells are also part of lacrimal system
Excretory System
- Two small openings (lacrimal puncta) on each eyelid margin, 6mm from inner canthus
- Two narrow, tubular canaliculi lie above each other, separated by caruncle
- Lacrimal fossa, formed by lacrimal bone & frontal maxilla process
- Lacrimal sac (15mm long, 5mm wide when distended) connects to nasolacrimal duct
- Nasolacrimal duct is a membrane canal (approximately 2cm long) extending from sac to inferior meatus of nose, covered by Hasner's valve
- Horner's muscle part of orbicularis, surrounding sac, contracts to create negative pressure during lid closure, drawing tears from conjunctival sac
Precorneal Tear Film Layers
- Outer Lipid Layer: Secreted by meibomian glands, prevents tear evaporation, lubricates eyelids
- Middle Aqueous Layer: Secreted by lacrimal & accessory lacrimal glands, supplies oxygen, antibacterial (lysozymes), washes away foreign particles
- Inner Mucoid Layer: Secreted by Goblet cells, Crypts of Henle, and Glands of Manz, makes corneal epithelium hydrophilic, fills irregularities between corneal epithelial cells, creates optically smooth surface
Diseases of Lacrimal Gland
- Dacryoadenitis: Inflammation of lacrimal gland, acute (common mumps complication), chronic (usually with trachoma)
- Dacryops: Cystic swelling in upper fornix due to lacrimal secretion retention, characteristic S-shaped lid deformity
- Dacryocystitis: Acute suppurative inflammation of lacrimal sac, caused by bacteria (pneumococci, staphylococci, streptococci)
- Chronic Dacryocystitis: Common lacrimal sac disorder, naso-lacrimal duct obstruction, causative agents include pneumococcal, staphylococcal bacteria, and fungi. Watery eye, discharge, swelling (below medial palpebral ligament), +ve regurgitation test
- Infantile Dacryocystitis: Chronic inflammation of newborn's lacrimal sac due to naso-lacrimal duct obstruction, characterized by membrane, accumulation of epithelial debris, and continuous watering.
Diseases of Lacrimal Passages
- Punctum: Epiphora (excessive tearing) the main symptom of punctal obstruction. Congenital atresia, chronic blepharitis, acquired trauma, or trachoma are causes.
- Punctal Eversio: Epiphora, a condition where tearing is excessive, can be caused by moving puncta away from lacrimal lake, causing tears to not drain properly.
- Canaliculitis: Actinomyces Israeli (shows discharge containing sulphur granules) causes canaliculitis.
- Canalicular Obstruction: Congenital atresia, acquired trauma, or trachoma or causes; stent cannulation and primary repair with silicone intubation or excision of occluded part followed by re-suturing, are treatment options
Dry Eye
- Common condition where eyes don't have enough lubrication due to inadequate tear production or excessive evaporation
- Types: Aqueous deficient and evaporative
- Etiology: Congenital absence of lacrimal gland, lacrimal gland inflammation (sarcoidosis), tumors. autoimmune disease (keratoconjunctivitis sicca), infections (virus, bacteria, fungi), etc
- Clinical features: irritation, decreased tear production (Schirmer's test), punctate epithelial erosion, diminished tear break-up time (BUT)
Watery Eye
- Excessive lacrimation due to emotional conditions, reflex (foreign body, blepharitis, conjunctivitis), defective tear drainage (Lid margin abnormality, ectropion, orbicularis muscle facial palsy. )
- Obstructive epiphora from congenital, inflammatory (trauma, infections, tumors),
- Treatment: of cause, or dacryocystorhinostomy or dacryocystectomy
Questions
- Sjögren's Syndrome: Atrophy and fibrosis of lacrimal and salivary glands
- Epiphora: occurs with trachoma, chronic dacryocystitis (inflammation of the lacrimal sac), acute congestive glaucoma
- Lacrimal Gland Tumor: Most common is mixed tumor
- Tear Production in Newborns: After 3 weeks
- Nasolacrimal Duct Opening: Inferior meatus of nose
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