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Questions and Answers

What is the purpose of a purple tube in blood collection?

  • Used for blood glucose tests
  • Used for complete blood count (CBC) (correct)
  • Used for coagulation tests
  • Used for blood serum separation

What should the angle of needle insertion be during a venipuncture?

  • 15-30 degrees (correct)
  • 0 degrees
  • 45-60 degrees
  • 90 degrees

Which of the following tubes does not require mixing after collection?

  • Blue tube
  • Grey tube
  • Plain red tube (correct)
  • Purple tube

Which anticoagulant is used in the green tube?

<p>Heparin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the specimen of choice for most routine laboratory tests?

<p>Venous sample (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During venipuncture, what is the recommended action for sanitizing the site?

<p>Cleanse with 70% alcohol in circular motion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key precaution to take before performing a venipuncture?

<p>Ensure patient is fasting (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concentration term is expressed in moles of solute per liter of solution?

<p>Molarity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concentration term remains unaffected by temperature changes?

<p>Molality (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should a needle be disposed of after use?

<p>By immediately placing it in a safety box without re-capping (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Normality is defined as the number of equivalents of solute per what?

<p>Liter of solution (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is molarity calculated?

<p>Moles of solute divided by volume of the solution (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the molarity of a solution containing 0.5 moles of solute in 1 liter of solution?

<p>0.5 M (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the concentration expressed as moles per kilogram of solvent?

<p>Molality (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concentration term is directly affected by temperature?

<p>Molarity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Normality is based on which measurement?

<p>The number of equivalents of solute (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concentration of blood glucose is generally considered to trigger glucosuria?

<p>180 mg/dl or higher (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lab test requires fasting before it can be conducted?

<p>Fasting blood glucose (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for plasma glucose levels?

<p>70-110 mg/dl (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which option describes a situation where a person is experiencing hypoglycemia?

<p>Plasma glucose level less than 60 mg/dl (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components is NOT required to use a glucometer?

<p>Test tube (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the principle behind the colorimeter used for glucose measurement?

<p>Glucose oxidase method (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is glucose concentration determined in a glucometer?

<p>Through a capillary blood sample (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What wavelength range is typically used by a colorimeter for measuring glucose concentration?

<p>490-540 nm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What color is produced when two peptide bonds form in an alkaline media to create a copper protein complex?

<p>Violet (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the measured absorption of total plasma protein related to protein concentration?

<p>Directly proportional to protein concentration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a requirement for glucose testing?

<p>Alcohol swab (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is recognized as the most accurate for detecting plasma protein?

<p>Electrophoresis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which active reagent is used in measuring glucose in a specific test?

<p>Glucose oxidase and peroxidase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which test is particularly used to detect proteins present in very low concentrations?

<p>ELISA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Glucose detection in urine relies on which combination of reactions?

<p>Double enzymatic reaction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a colorimetric assay, the intensity of the violet color is proportional to what?

<p>The number of peptide bonds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which plasma protein fraction migrates closest to the anode during electrophoresis?

<p>Albumin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What enzyme is essential for glucose detection in urine?

<p>Glucose oxidase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What substance does glucose oxidase convert glucose into?

<p>Gluconic acid + H2O2 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What color change indicates the presence of proteins in urine using the urinary test strip method?

<p>Green (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what blood glucose level does glucose start to appear in urine?

<p>180 mg/dl (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of adding acetic acid during the heat coagulation test?

<p>To enhance protein coagulation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines hyperglycemia in terms of blood glucose levels?

<p>Above 140 mg/dl (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What blood glucose level indicates hypoglycemia?

<p>Below 70 mg/dl (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which condition is serum lipase level most likely to increase?

<p>Acute pancreatitis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which isoenzymes are elevated in myocardial infarction?

<p>LDH1 and LDH2 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of enzyme is lipoprotein lipase classified as?

<p>Non-functional plasma enzyme (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following enzymes exists as a dimer?

<p>Lactate dehydrogenase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme shows elevated serum levels in carcinoma of the prostate?

<p>Serum alkaline phosphatase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the mechanism underlying isoenzymes?

<p>Post-translation modification (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is an example of a tetramer?

<p>Lactate dehydrogenase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which isoenzymes would you expect to be elevated in liver disease?

<p>LDH1 and LDH2 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What wavelength does a colorimeter measure glucose concentration most effectively?

<p>320 nm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method is specifically indicated by the use of a urine strip test?

<p>Urine strip test (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of blood sample is typically used for biochemical testing of glucose levels?

<p>Venous blood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A glucometer reading that is above the renal threshold indicates which condition?

<p>Above renal threshold (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a colorimetric assay, how is the absorption related to glucose concentration?

<p>Directly proportional (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should you do before using a chemical in the laboratory?

<p>Read the label and understand the hazards (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a proper method for heating a test tube?

<p>Use a towel or test tube holder (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should you do if you encounter a fire in the laboratory?

<p>Alert others, evacuate safely, and call for help (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the best way to handle leftover chemicals after an experiment?

<p>Dispose of them following proper guidelines (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When should gloves be worn in the laboratory?

<p>Whenever there is a risk of hand contact with any hazardous material (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a fundamental rule of laboratory safety?

<p>Wear personal protective equipment (PPE) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following should you avoid doing in the laboratory?

<p>Eating or drinking (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a correct practice when handling glassware in the laboratory?

<p>Dispose of broken glassware in a regular trash bin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a polar molecule?

<p>An uneven distribution of charge resulting in positive and negative poles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a nonpolar molecule?

<p>Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does polarity refer to in a molecule?

<p>The distribution of electrons within the molecule (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A molecule is classified as polar if it has:

<p>An uneven distribution of electron density (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes a homogeneous solution?

<p>A solution where solute particles are evenly distributed throughout the solvent (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a substance that is dissolved in a solution?

<p>Solute (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT associated with a crystalloid?

<p>Visible to the naked eye (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the particle size range defining a colloid?

<p>1-1000 nm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the active reagent used in glucose measurement?

<p>Glucose oxidase and peroxidase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Glucose detection in urine is dependent on which type of enzymatic reaction?

<p>Double enzymatic reaction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What component is necessary for glucose detection in urine?

<p>Glucose oxidase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is considered a normal fasting blood glucose level?

<p>70-110 mg/dl (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be done if a piece of glassware gets broken in the laboratory?

<p>Notify the teacher and dispose of it in a special glass container. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hyperglycemia indicates that blood glucose levels are:

<p>Above 140 mg/dl (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hypoglycemia is characterized by blood glucose levels:

<p>Below 60 mg/dl (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions should NOT be taken when dealing with an eye burn?

<p>Rub the eye if a foreign object is lodged. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a recommended practice when heating a test tube?

<p>Move it slowly over the flame to distribute heat evenly. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When should approved eye protection devices be worn in the laboratory?

<p>Any time chemicals, heat, or glassware are used. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the event of a laboratory fire, what is the most appropriate first action?

<p>Notify your instructor right away. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct method to handle cut and bruises in the laboratory?

<p>Press directly on minor cuts to stop bleeding. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement regarding chemical waste disposal is correct after an experiment?

<p>Dispose of chemical waste in designated containers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended action regarding personal behavior during lab work?

<p>Keep hands away from your face. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct sequence of steps to perform venipuncture?

<p>Apply a tourniquet, clean the site, insert the needle, release the tourniquet (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended position for a patient's arm during venipuncture?

<p>Bend at a 90 degree angle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be done if the flow of blood during venipuncture is experiencing difficulty?

<p>Remove the needle and try a different site (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Once blood is collected, what is the next immediate step?

<p>Label the blood sample and deliver it to the laboratory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which site is generally recommended for venous sampling in adults?

<p>Antecubital fossa (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of tube is typically required for collecting venous blood samples?

<p>Purple top tube (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should a needle be inserted into the vein during venous sampling?

<p>Parallel to the skin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a potential complication of venous sampling?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Venipuncture

The process of drawing blood from a vein.

Serum

The liquid portion of blood after clotting factors have been removed.

Plasma

The liquid portion of blood before clotting factors have been removed.

Cubital Fossa

The most common site for drawing blood from a vein.

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Fasting Blood Glucose

A blood test that measures the amount of glucose in the blood after a period of fasting.

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HBA1C

A blood test used to measure the amount of hemoglobin A1c in the blood, which is a good indicator of blood sugar control over the past two to three months.

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HOMAIR

A blood test used to measure the amount of hormones, like cortisol, in the blood.

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C-peptide

A blood test that measures the amount of C-peptide in the blood, which is produced with insulin.

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Urine Glucose Test

A urine test that detects the presence of glucose in the urine.

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Capillary Sampling

The process of collecting a blood sample from a fingertip.

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Renal Threshold for Glucose

The concentration of glucose in the blood that triggers the kidneys to start excreting glucose in the urine.

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Glucometer

A device that uses a small blood sample to measure blood sugar levels.

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Colorimeter

A method for measuring the concentration of a colored substance using the amount of light it absorbs.

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Molarity

A measure of the concentration of a solute in a solution, expressed as the number of moles of solute per liter of solution.

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Molality

A measure of the concentration of a solute in a solution, expressed as the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent.

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Normality

A measure of the concentration of a solution based on the number of equivalents of solute per liter of solution.

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Molarity calculation

A solution containing 0.5 moles of solute in 1 liter of solution has a molarity of 0.5 M.

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Molarity calculation

Molarity is calculated by dividing the moles of solute by the volume of the solution.

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Molarity definition

Molarity is defined as the number of moles of solute per liter of solution.

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Molarity vs. Molality

Molarity and molality differ in how they account for changes in solution volume due to temperature shifts. Molarity depends on the temperature of the solution.

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Temperature-independent concentration term

Molality is a temperature-independent concentration term, meaning its value remains constant regardless of changes in temperature.

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What are the enzymes involved in glucose detection?

Glucose oxidase and peroxidase are the active enzymes in the reaction. Glucose oxidase converts glucose to gluconic acid, which is then detected by peroxidase. Peroxidase then catalyzes the reaction of hydrogen peroxide with a chromogenic dye, leading to a color change. The color change indicates the presence of glucose, with higher glucose levels resulting in a darker color.

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How many enzymatic reactions are involved in urine glucose detection?

Glucose detection in urine is a double enzymatic reaction.

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When does glucose start appearing in urine?

Glucose appears in urine when the blood glucose level exceeds the renal threshold, which is approximately 180 mg/dl.

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What is the normal fasting blood glucose level?

The normal fasting blood glucose level is between 70-110 mg/dl.

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What is hyperglycemia?

Hyperglycemia is a condition characterized by elevated blood glucose levels, typically above 140 mg/dl.

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What is hypoglycemia?

Hypoglycemia is a condition characterized by low blood glucose levels, typically below 60 mg/dl.

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What is the product of glucose oxidase reaction?

Glucose oxidase converts glucose to gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).

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What indicator is used in urine glucose detection?

The indicator used in glucose detection in urine is toluidine, which reacts with H2O2 produced by the glucose oxidase reaction to create a color change.

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What color does the copper protein complex turn?

The formation of a copper protein complex requires two peptide bonds in an alkaline environment, resulting in a deep blue color.

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How is protein concentration related to absorption?

The measured absorption of total plasma protein is directly proportional to the protein concentration.

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What is the most accurate method to detect plasma proteins?

Electrophoresis is considered the most accurate method for detecting plasma proteins.

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Which method detects proteins in very low concentrations?

ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) is a sensitive method used to detect proteins present in very low concentrations.

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What determines the intensity of the violet color in the colorimetric assay?

The intensity of the violet color formed in the colorimetric assay is proportional to the number of peptide bonds in the protein molecules.

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Which plasma protein migrates closest to the anode in electrophoresis?

Albumin, being the smallest and most abundant plasma protein, migrates closest to the anode during electrophoresis.

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What color change indicates protein in urine using a test strip?

The urinary test strip method shows a color change to Green when proteins are present in urine.

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Why add acetic acid during the heat coagulation test?

Acetic acid is added during the heat coagulation test to enhance protein coagulation, making it easier to detect their presence.

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What condition causes an increase in serum lipase levels?

Serum lipase levels are elevated in acute pancreatitis, a condition characterized by inflammation of the pancreas. This elevation is due to the leakage of pancreatic enzymes, including lipase, into the bloodstream, a process that occurs during acute pancreatitis.

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Which isoenzyme of LDH is elevated in skeletal muscle damage?

LDH5 is an isoenzyme of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) found in skeletal muscle. Its elevation is a marker of tissue damage, particularly in conditions that involve muscle injury, including muscular dystrophies, trauma, and certain infections.

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Which LDH isoenzymes are elevated in myocardial infarction?

LDH1 and LDH2 are isoenzymes of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) primarily found in the heart. An increase in these isoenzymes in the blood is a strong indicator of a myocardial infarction (heart attack).

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Which CK isoenzyme is present in cardiac muscle?

Creatine kinase (CK) isoenzymes are found in various tissues, including skeletal muscle and the heart. The CK-MB isoenzyme is specifically found in the heart muscle, and its elevation is a highly sensitive indicator of myocardial damage, which is a hallmark of a heart attack.

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Give an example of a functional plasma enzyme.

Lipoprotein lipase is a functional plasma enzyme that plays a crucial role in breaking down triglycerides (fats) in the blood. This enzymatic action helps to regulate lipid metabolism.

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Give an example of a non-functional plasma enzyme.

Pseudocholinesterase is a non-functional plasma enzyme. It is commonly used as a marker of liver function, as its levels can be affected by liver disease.

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How many subunits does lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) have?

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is a tetramer, meaning it consists of four subunits.

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Which conditions can cause an increase in serum alkaline phosphatase levels?

Serum alkaline phosphatase levels can increase in various conditions, including bone tumors and Paget's disease. These elevations are primarily due to increased activity of alkaline phosphatase, an enzyme involved in bone formation.

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Biological Hazards

Substances like blood, body fluids, bacteria, and viruses that pose health risks in a laboratory setting.

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Chemical Hazards

Chemicals that can cause harm, such as acids, alkalis, and toxic substances.

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Radiological Hazards

Materials that emit radiation and can be dangerous. Ineffective radioactive waste is an example.

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Accidents

Unexpected events that can occur in a lab like fires and electrical accidents.

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Safety Gloves

Protective gear used to prevent contact with hazardous substances.

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Glass Disposal Container

Special containers used to dispose of broken glass in a laboratory.

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Use Protective Gloves

A method of handling hot objects in the laboratory using protective gear.

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Burn First Aid

The process of washing a burn with water to cool it down and reduce damage.

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Correct Venipuncture Procedure

Apply a tourniquet, clean the site, insert the needle, release the tourniquet, and collect the blood.

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Arm Position During Venipuncture

The patient's arm should be straight and extended for a stable vein.

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Slow Blood Flow During Venipuncture

If blood flow is slow or stops, remove the needle and try a different site.

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Post-Venipuncture Procedure

After blood collection, remove the needle, apply pressure to the site, and dispose of the needle in a sharps container.

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Venous Sampling Site

The antecubital fossa, located on the inner elbow, is the preferred site in adults.

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Tube for Venous Samples

Purple top tubes are most commonly used for collecting venous samples as they contain EDTA, an anticoagulant.

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Needle Insertion Angle

The needle should be inserted parallel to the skin to avoid damaging the vein or surrounding tissues.

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Venipuncture Complications

Potential complications of venous sampling include hematoma formation, nerve damage, and infection at the puncture site.

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Laboratory Safety: First Step

Before using a chemical in the laboratory, you should read the label carefully and understand the potential hazards associated with it.

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Heating a Test Tube

When heating a test tube in the laboratory, it is important to use a test tube holder or clamp. Do not hold it with your bare hands.

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Laboratory Fire

When you encounter a fire in the laboratory, the first priority is ensuring safety. Alert others to evacuate, and then call for help. If possible and safe, use a fire extinguisher to put out the flames.

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Chemical Disposal

Leftover chemicals after an experiment should always be disposed of properly according to specific guidelines. Never pour them down the sink or leave them on the lab bench.

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Gloves in the Lab

Wear gloves in the laboratory whenever there is a risk of hand contact with any hazardous material, including chemicals, biological samples, or sharp objects.

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PPE in the Lab

A fundamental rule of laboratory safety is to always wear personal protective equipment (PPE), such as gloves, goggles, and lab coats, when handling hazardous materials.

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Lab No-Nos

Eating, drinking, or using your hands to mix chemicals should be avoided in the laboratory. These actions can compromise safety and increase the risk of contamination or accidents.

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Broken Glassware Disposal

Broken glassware should never be disposed of in a regular trash bin. It should be placed in a designated container specifically designed for glass disposal.

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When does glucose appear in urine?

Glucose appears in urine when blood glucose levels exceed the renal threshold, which is approximately 180 mg/dl.

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Normal Fasting Blood Glucose

The normal fasting blood glucose level is between 70-110 mg/dl.

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Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia is a condition characterized by elevated blood glucose levels, typically above 140 mg/dl.

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Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia is a condition characterized by low blood glucose levels, typically below 60 mg/dl.

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Glucose oxidase reaction

Glucose oxidase converts glucose to gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).

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Indicator in urine glucose detection

The indicator used in glucose detection in urine is toluidine, which reacts with H2O2 produced by the glucose oxidase reaction to create a color change.

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Copper protein complex

The formation of a copper protein complex requires two peptide bonds in an alkaline environment, resulting in a deep blue color.

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Polar Molecule

A molecule with an uneven distribution of electron density, creating positive and negative poles.

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Nonpolar Molecule

A molecule with an equal distribution of electron density, resulting in no distinct positive or negative poles.

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Homogeneous Solution

A solution where the solute particles are evenly dispersed throughout the solvent.

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Solute

The substance that is dissolved in a solution.

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Colloid

A type of solution where the solute particles are larger than in a true solution, but smaller than in a suspension, typically between 1-1000 nanometers in size.

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Suspension

A solution where the solute particles are large enough to be visible to the naked eye and can settle out over time.

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Crystalloid

A type of solution where the solute particles are small and evenly dispersed throughout the solvent, typically less than 1 nanometer in size.

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What is the wavelength used to measure glucose concentration in the colorimeter?

The colorimeter is a device used to measure the concentration of a substance by analyzing the amount of light it absorbs. Blood glucose levels are measured in nanometers, which are units of wavelength. In this case, the glucose is measured at 490nm by the colorimeter, indicating a wavelength of light used to measure blood glucose concentration.

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What condition does a low blood glucose reading on a glucometer indicate?

Hypoglycemia is a condition where the blood glucose level is below the normal range. This is indicated by a reading on the glucometer that is lower than the normal blood glucose range.

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What does the 'renal threshold' for glucose refer to?

The renal threshold for glucose is the blood glucose concentration at which glucose starts appearing in the urine. This is because the kidneys can only reabsorb a certain amount of glucose back into the bloodstream. When the threshold is exceeded, excess glucose is filtered out and excreted in the urine.

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How does the colorimeter reading relate to the glucose concentration?

The reading on the colorimeter is directly proportional to the concentration of glucose in the sample. This means that a higher glucose concentration will result in a higher reading on the colorimeter. This relationship relies on the fact that the more glucose present, the more light is absorbed by the solution, leading to a higher reading.

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What does a glucometer reading 'above the renal threshold' suggest?

The glucometer is a device that measures the glucose level in a small blood sample. When the glucometer reading shows above the renal threshold, it indicates that the blood glucose level is higher than the kidneys can handle, and glucose is likely being excreted in urine.

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Study Notes

Biological Hazards

  • Blood, body fluids containing bacteria and viruses are biological hazards.

Chemical Hazards

  • Acids, alkalis, and toxic chemicals are chemical hazards.

Radiological Hazards

  • Ineffective radioactive waste is a radiological hazard.

General Safety Rules

  • Read instructions carefully before starting an experiment.
  • Keep hands away from face during lab work.
  • Never mix chemicals unless instructed.
  • Notify teacher of any spills or accidents.

Glassware Safety

  • Report broken glassware to the teacher and dispose of it in the special container.
  • When pouring liquids, ensure the glassware is at least a hand's breadth from the edge of the table.

Heating Safety

  • Use protective gloves for handling hot objects.
  • Never reach across an open flame.
  • Always point the heated ends of test tubes away from people.
  • Move test tubes slowly over the flame to distribute heat evenly.
  • Only heat dry glassware.
  • Use a wire gauze platform on a ring stand to heat glassware, do not hold it in your hand.

First Aid (Burns)

  • Flush burns with water.

First Aid (Cuts and Bruises)

  • Do not touch open wounds without safety gloves.
  • Apply direct pressure to minor cuts to stop bleeding.
  • Apply cold compress to bruises to reduce swelling.

First Aid (Eye Burns)

  • Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water.
  • Do not rub if a foreign object is lodged in the eye.

Laboratory Fire

  • Notify your instructor immediately.
  • Use a fire extinguisher.
  • Alert others, evacuate safely, and call for help.

Leftover Chemicals

  • Dispose of chemicals according to instructions.

Broken Glass

  • Tell the teacher.
  • Sweep up the glass and put it where the teacher directs.

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

  • Wearing PPE is important in a laboratory to protect against hazards.
  • Safety goggles, lab coats, gloves, face masks, and hair coverings are examples of PPE.

Lab Safety Equipment

  • Safety goggles are essential safety equipment in a lab.
  • Lab coats, gloves, face masks, and hair coverings are also PPE.

Heating Test Tubes

  • Hold test tubes with a test tube holder.
  • Point the open end away from people during heating.

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